{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:22:57Z","timestamp":1792102977605,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018806","name":"key Hubei Provincial Key R&amp;D plan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020BBA055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BBA055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018806","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"teaching hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University","award":["2020BBA055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BBA055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of the pigeon industry in Qingdao, more attention is paid to scientific breeding and precise treatment. This study isolated and identified Escherichia coli from pigeons in Qingdao to determine their susceptibility to 18 antibiotics. The PCR method was used to detect the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase genes, carbapenem resistance genes, 16S rRNA methylase genes and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes in the isolates. The results showed that Escherichia coli isolated from pigeons in Qingdao were the most resistant to tetracycline, followed by ampicillin, conventional cyclosporines, quinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. No isolates were found to be resistant to amikacin, meropenem, colistin, tigecycline, and fosfomycin. The resistance to some antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, and florfenicol) and the muti-drug resistance of Escherichia coli from meat pigeons were both higher than those from homing and ornamental pigeons. A total of 24.8% of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance, especially triple-drug resistance. Two isolates were found to carry ESBLs resistance genes. Hopefully, this study will provide a certain scientific basis for the clinical medication of pigeon colibacillosis, helping to prevent antimicrobial resistance transmission of Escherichia coli among different host animals and humans and maintain public health safety in Qingdao.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13091510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"1510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Escherichia coli Isolated from Pigeons in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Isolation, Identification and Drug Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli in Meat Pigeons","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lu, C.P. (2013). Veterinary Microbiology, China Agriculture Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"104","article-title":"Investigation and analysis of drug resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli in meat pigeons","volume":"3","author":"Qu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Anim. Sci. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"123","article-title":"Isolation, Identification and Drug Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli in Squash Pigeon","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"46","article-title":"Drug resistance analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from pigeon origin in Guangdong from 2011 to 2018","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Husb. Sci. Vet. Inf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"48","article-title":"Isolation, Identification, Detection of Virulence Gene and Drug Sensitivity Test of Escherichia coli from Pigeon","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hebei Norm. Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"CLSI (2015). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.12.015","article-title":"Detection and characterisation of CTX-M and CMY-2 \u03b2-lactamases among Escherichia coli isolates from farm animals in Guangdong Province of China","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.2056-2058.2003","article-title":"Detection of CMY-2, CTX-M-14, and SHV-12 \u03b2-Lactamases in Escherichia coli Fecal-Sample Isolates from Healthy Chickens","volume":"47","author":"Brinas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1086\/518605","article-title":"16S ribosomal RNA methylation: Emerging resistance mechanism against aminoglycosides","volume":"45","author":"Doi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of acquired carbapenemase genes","volume":"70","author":"Poirel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17-00672","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00672","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5 for surveillance purposes","volume":"23","author":"Rebelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00080","article-title":"Development of a Novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 Multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 Occurrence in Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Environment, Feed, Animals and Food (2011-2018) in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Borowiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Liu, H.Y. (2014). Investigation and Analysis of Virulence Factors and Antibiotical Resistance of Poultry Originated E. coli Strains in Qingdao Region, Northeast Agricultural University."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"64","article-title":"Study on Epidemicity of Chicken blaNDM and mcr-1 Resistance Genes in Qingdao","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"58","article-title":"The Separation of E. coli in Pigeons and Its Sensitivity Test to Drugs","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Anim. Domastici"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Isolation, identification and drug resistance analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Beijing pigeon meat","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Saf. Qual."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00832","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, Cassettes, and Plasmids Present in Salmonella Enterica Associated with United States Food Animals","volume":"10","author":"McMillan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"25","article-title":"Epidemiological Analysis of Extended\u2014spectrum \u03b2\u2014lactamas\u2014producing Escherichia coli from Cattle in Qingdao","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01728","article-title":"Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment and Its Relevance to Environmental Regulators","volume":"7","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11993","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02566","article-title":"Role of the environment in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance to humans: A review","volume":"49","author":"Huijbers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0026-2017","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Poirel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2015.0323","article-title":"Fecal carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in healthy humans, poultry, and wild birds in Leon, Nicaragua-a shared pool of bla(CTX-M) genes and possible interspecies clonal spread of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases-producing Escherichia coli","volume":"22","author":"Hasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-6523-3","article-title":"Wild birds and urban pigeons as reservoirs for diarrheagenic Escherichia coli with zoonotic potential","volume":"55","author":"Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljeldah, M.M. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Spread Is a Global Threat. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081082"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/9\/1510\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:17Z","timestamp":1760141657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/9\/1510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13091510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13091510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}