{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:38:00Z","timestamp":1790671080828,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["HR20-00635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20-00635"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["FPU20\/04280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04280"]}]},{"name":"La Caixa Foundation\u2014Health Research Program","award":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"La Caixa Foundation\u2014Health Research Program","award":["HR20-00635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20-00635"]}]},{"name":"La Caixa Foundation\u2014Health Research Program","award":["FPU20\/04280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04280"]}]},{"name":"FPU fellowship","award":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111109RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"FPU fellowship","award":["HR20-00635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR20-00635"]}]},{"name":"FPU fellowship","award":["FPU20\/04280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/04280"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is still one of the biggest global health challenges. P. falciparum is the deadliest species to humans. In this review, we discuss how this parasite develops and adapts to the complex and heterogenous environments of its two hosts thanks to varied chromatin-associated and epigenetic mechanisms. First, one small family of transcription factors, the ApiAP2 proteins, functions as master regulators of spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression through the parasite life cycle. In addition, chromatin plasticity determines variable parasite cell phenotypes that link to parasite growth, virulence and transmission, enabling parasite adaptation within host conditions. In recent years, epitranscriptomics is emerging as a new regulatory layer of gene expression. We present evidence of the variety of tRNA and mRNA modifications that are being characterized in Plasmodium spp., and the dynamic changes in their abundance during parasite development and cell fate. We end up outlining that new biological systems, like the mosquito model, to decipher the unknowns about epigenetic mechanisms in vivo; and novel methodologies, to study the function of RNA modifications; are needed to discover the Achilles heel of the parasite. With this new knowledge, future strategies manipulating the epigenetics and epitranscriptomic machinery of the parasite have the potential of providing new weapons against malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T23:12:12Z","timestamp":1664320332000},"page":"1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Epigenetic and Epitranscriptomic Gene Regulation in Plasmodium falciparum and How We Can Use It against Malaria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rafael","family":"Serrano-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Farf\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4146-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"G\u00f3mez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Parasitolog\u00eda y Biomedicina L\u00f3pez Neyra (IPBLN-CSIC), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002","article-title":"History of Human Parasitology","volume":"15","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Global Malaria Programme (2021). World Malaria Report 2021."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062712","article-title":"Regulation of Sexual Commitment and Gametocytogenesis in Malaria Parasites","volume":"72","author":"Josling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuehn, A., and Pradel, G. (2010). The Coming-out of Malaria Gametocytes. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 976827.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/976827"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki709","article-title":"Discovery of the Principal Specific Transcription Factors of Apicomplexa and Their Implication for the Evolution of the AP2-Integrase DNA Binding Domains","volume":"33","author":"Balaji","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, T.L., de Silva, E.K., Olszewski, K.L., Elemento, O., and Llin\u00e1s, M. (2010). Identification and Genome-Wide Prediction of DNA Binding Specificities for the ApiAP2 Family of Regulators from the Malaria Parasite. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001165"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9264","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab683","article-title":"A Cascade of Transcriptional Repression Determines Sexual Commitment and Development in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"49","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.169417.113","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Modeling of the P. falciparum Genome during the Erythrocytic Cycle Reveals a Strong Connection between Genome Architecture and Gene Expression","volume":"24","author":"Ay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunnik, E.M., Polishko, A., Prudhomme, J., Ponts, N., Gill, S.S., Lonardi, S., and le Roch, K.G. (2014). DNA-Encoded Nucleosome Occupancy Is Associated with Transcription Levels in the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-347"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elz009","article-title":"Transcriptional Variation in Malaria Parasites: Why and How","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00366","article-title":"Dynamic and Combinatorial Landscape of Histone Modifications during the Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle of the Malaria Parasite","volume":"15","author":"Saraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.10.022","article-title":"The Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum Histones: Organization, Expression, and Acetylation","volume":"369","author":"Miao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00687-7","article-title":"Quantitative Chromatin Proteomics Reveals a Dynamic Histone Post-Translational Modification Landscape That Defines Asexual and Sexual Plasmodium falciparum Parasites","volume":"7","author":"Coetzee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.12.004","article-title":"The Role of Chromatin Structure in Gene Regulation of the Human Malaria Parasite","volume":"33","author":"Batugedara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12151","article-title":"H2A.Z\/H2B.Z Double-Variant Nucleosomes Inhabit the AT-Rich Promoter Regions of the Plasmodium falciparum Genome","volume":"87","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07574.x","article-title":"Heterochromatin Formation in Bistable Chromatin Domains Controls the Epigenetic Repression of Clonally Variant Plasmodium falciparum Genes Linked to Erythrocyte Invasion","volume":"80","author":"Crowley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozdech, Z., Llin\u00e1s, M., Pulliam, B.L., Wong, E.D., Zhu, J., and DeRisi, J.L. (2003). The Transcriptome of the Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol., 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0000005"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087025","article-title":"Discovery of Gene Function by Expression Profiling of the Malaria Parasite Life Cycle","volume":"301","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.2615304","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Apicomplexa and Genomic Diversity in Eukaryotes","volume":"14","author":"Templeton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12970","article-title":"A Cascade of DNA-Binding Proteins for Sexual Commitment and Development in Plasmodium","volume":"507","author":"Sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24280","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals a Signature of Sexual Commitment in Malaria Parasites","volume":"551","author":"Poran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40655","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40655","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Plasmodium falciparum Clonally Variant Gene Expression during Development in Anopheles Gambiae","volume":"7","author":"Yerbanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6042","article-title":"GDV1 Induces Sexual Commitment of Malaria Parasites by Antagonizing HP1-Dependent Gene Silencing","volume":"359","author":"Filarsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.618454","article-title":"From Genes to Transcripts, a Tightly Regulated Journey in Plasmodium","volume":"10","author":"Hollin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12824","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504389112","article-title":"Global Transcriptional Repression: An Initial and Essential Step for Plasmodium Sexual Development","volume":"112","author":"Yuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06609.x","article-title":"Identification of a Transcription Factor in the Mosquito-Invasive Stage of Malaria Parasites","volume":"71","author":"Yuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.07005.x","article-title":"Transcription Factor AP2-Sp and Its Target Genes in Malarial Sporozoites","volume":"75","author":"Yuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga, S., Kaneko, I., Kato, T., and Yuda, M. (2012). Identification of an AP2-Family Protein That Is Critical for Malaria Liver Stage Development. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047557"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-020-00365-5","article-title":"Histone Modifications Associated with Gene Expression and Genome Accessibility Are Dynamically Enriched at Plasmodium falciparum Regulatory Sequences","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.101063.109","article-title":"Nucleosome Landscape and Control of Transcription in the Human Malaria Parasite","volume":"20","author":"Ponts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01592.x","article-title":"3D Nuclear Architecture Reveals Coupled Cell Cycle Dynamics of Chromatin and Nuclear Pores in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"13","author":"Weiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, A.P., Chin, W.H., Zhu, L., Mok, S., Luah, Y.H., Lim, E.H., and Bozdech, Z. (2013). Dynamic Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression during the Life Cycle of Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003170"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1214","article-title":"The Nucleosome Landscape of Plasmodium falciparum Reveals Chromatin Architecture and Dynamics of Regulatory Sequences","volume":"44","author":"Kensche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.01.002","article-title":"Histone Lysine Methyltransferases and Demethylases in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e1rtfai, R., Hoeijmakers, W.A.M., Salcedo-Amaya, A.M., Smits, A.H., Janssen-Megens, E., Kaan, A., Treeck, M., Gilberger, T.W., Francoijs, K.J., and Stunnenberg, H.G. (2010). H2A.Z Demarcates Intergenic Regions of the Plasmodium falciparum Epigenome That Are Dynamically Marked by H3K9ac and H3K4me3. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001223"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9414","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky643","article-title":"Characterization of the Accessible Genome in the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"46","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.004","article-title":"Heterochromatin Protein 1 Secures Survival and Transmission of Malaria Parasites","volume":"16","author":"Brancucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"3055","article-title":"Pfsec13 Is an Unusual Chromatin-Associated Nucleoporin of Plasmodium falciparum That Is Essential for Parasite Proliferation in Human Erythrocytes","volume":"126","author":"Nasereddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx464","article-title":"Nascent RNA Sequencing Reveals Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"45","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.05.006","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Invasion by the Malaria Parasite Is Coordinated by the PfAP2-I Transcription Factor","volume":"21","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.05.009","article-title":"A Plasmodium falciparum Bromodomain Protein Regulates Invasion Gene Expression","volume":"17","author":"Josling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.02.007","article-title":"Transcriptome and Histone Epigenome of Plasmodium Vivax Salivary-Gland Sporozoites Point to Tight Regulatory Control and Mechanisms for Liver-Stage Differentiation in Relapsing Malaria","volume":"49","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63121-5","article-title":"An Epigenetic Map of Malaria Parasite Development from Host to Vector","volume":"10","author":"Witmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.045","article-title":"Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Myths and Mechanisms","volume":"157","author":"Heard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mlambo, G., Coppens, I., and Kumar, N. (2012). Aberrant Sporogonic Development of Dmc1 (a Meiotic Recombinase) Deficient Plasmodium Berghei Parasites. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052480"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spence, P.J., Brugat, T., and Langhorne, J. (2015). Mosquitoes Reset Malaria Parasites. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004987"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko, I., Iwanaga, S., Kato, T., Kobayashi, I., and Yuda, M. (2015). Genome-Wide Identification of the Target Genes of AP2-O, a Plasmodium AP2-Family Transcription Factor. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004905"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.003","article-title":"A Knockout Screen of ApiAP2 Genes Reveals Networks of Interacting Transcriptional Regulators Controlling the Plasmodium Life Cycle","volume":"21","author":"Modrzynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01986-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01986-17","article-title":"Systematic CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Modifications of Plasmodium Yoelii ApiAP2 Genes Reveal Functional Insights into Parasite Development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.02.075","article-title":"A Specific PfEMP1 Is Expressed in P. falciparum Sporozoites and Plays a Role in Hepatocyte Infection","volume":"22","author":"Vembar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07823.x","article-title":"PbGEST Mediates Malaria Transmission to Both Mosquito and Vertebrate Host","volume":"82","author":"Talman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, H., and Tolia, N.H. (2019). Getting in: The Structural Biology of Malaria Invasion. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007943"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12936-6","article-title":"Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveal Two Waves of Translational Repression during the Maturation of Malaria Parasite Sporozoites","volume":"10","author":"Lindner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12528","article-title":"Post-Transcriptional Silencing of UIS4 in Plasmodium Berghei Sporozoites Is Important for Host Switch","volume":"91","author":"Silvie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091975","article-title":"The Plasmodium Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2alpha Kinase IK2 Controls the Latency of Sporozoites in the Mosquito Salivary Glands","volume":"207","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.217356.116","article-title":"Capturing in Vivo RNA Transcriptional Dynamics from the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"27","author":"Painter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw536","article-title":"Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of P. falciparum Gametocytes: Molecular Insight into Sex-Specific Processes and Translational Repression","volume":"44","author":"Lasonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2110713119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110713119","article-title":"5-Methylcytosine Modification by Plasmodium NSUN2 Stabilizes MRNA and Mediates the Development of Gametocytes","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.129692.111","article-title":"Transcriptional Variation in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093841","article-title":"Variant Gene Expression and Antigenic Variation by Malaria Parasites","volume":"71","author":"Deitsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1913","article-title":"Epigenetic Switches in Clag3 Genes Mediate Blasticidin S Resistance in Malaria Parasites","volume":"15","author":"Crowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix053","article-title":"Expression of the Plasmodium falciparum Clonally Variant Clag3 Genes in Human Infections","volume":"215","author":"Bottieau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/32667","article-title":"Identification of Xanthurenic Acid as the Putative Inducer of Malaria Development in the Mosquito","volume":"392","author":"Billker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00449-0","article-title":"Calcium and a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulate Gamete Formation and Mosquito Transmission in a Malaria Parasite","volume":"117","author":"Billker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.10.020","article-title":"Lysophosphatidylcholine Regulates Sexual Stage Differentiation in the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"171","author":"Brancucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23009","article-title":"Nutrient Sensing Modulates Malaria Parasite Virulence","volume":"547","author":"Slavic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, K., Ponmee, N., Jiang, L., Fowble, J.W., White, J., Kamchonwongpaisan, S., Yuthavong, Y., Wilairat, P., and Rathod, P.K. (2008). A Genetically Hard-Wired Metabolic Transcriptome in Plasmodium falciparum Fails to Mount Protective Responses to Lethal Antifolates. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000214"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"le Roch, K.G., Johnson, J.R., Ahiboh, H., Chung, D.W.D., Prudhomme, J., Plouffe, D., Henson, K., Zhou, Y., Witola, W., and Yates, J.R. (2008). A Systematic Approach to Understand the Mechanism of Action of the Bisthiazolium Compound T4 on the Human Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. BMC Genom., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-513"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, A., Crowley, V.M., Vaquero, A., and Voss, T.S. (2012). A View on the Role of Epigenetics in the Biology of Malaria Parasites. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002943"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12115","article-title":"Silence, Activate, Poise and Switch! Mechanisms of Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"15","author":"Guizetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1023","article-title":"Epigenetic Silencing of Plasmodium falciparum Genes Linked to Erythrocyte Invasion","volume":"3","author":"Carret","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.06009.x","article-title":"5\u2032 Flanking Region of Var Genes Nucleate Histone Modification Patterns Linked to Phenotypic Inheritance of Virulence Traits in Malaria Parasites","volume":"66","author":"Gontijo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913396107","article-title":"Epigenetic Control of the Variable Expression of a Plasmodium falciparum Receptor Protein for Erythrocyte Invasion","volume":"107","author":"Jiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609084103","article-title":"Epigenetic Memory at Malaria Virulence Genes","volume":"104","author":"Chookajorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07572.x","article-title":"Functional Analysis of Epigenetic Regulation of Tandem RhopH1\/Clag Genes Reveals a Role in Plasmodium falciparum Growth","volume":"80","author":"Comeaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.12.012","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of Heterochromatin Associates Clonally Variant Gene Regulation with Perinuclear Repressive Centers in Malaria Parasites","volume":"5","author":"Scherf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12920","article-title":"A Transcriptional Switch Underlies Commitment to Sexual Development in Malaria Parasites","volume":"507","author":"Kafsack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.11.004","article-title":"Nuclear Repositioning Precedes Promoter Accessibility and Is Linked to the Switching Frequency of a Plasmodium falciparum Invasion Gene","volume":"12","author":"Coleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408883102","article-title":"Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum Is Associated with Movement of Var Loci between Subnuclear Locations","volume":"102","author":"Ralph","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.036","article-title":"Heterochromatin Silencing and Locus Repositioning Linked to Regulation of Virulence Genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"121","author":"Duraisingh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7401063","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Mutually Exclusive Expression of Virulence Genes by Malaria Parasites","volume":"8","author":"Dzikowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp115","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Heterochromatin Protein 1 Binds to Tri-Methylated Histone 3 Lysine 9 and Is Linked to Mutually Exclusive Expression of Var Genes","volume":"37","author":"Delgadillo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flueck, C., Bartfai, R., Volz, J., Niederwieser, I., Salcedo-Amaya, A.M., Alako, B.T.F., Ehlgen, F., Ralph, S.A., Cowman, A.F., and Bozdech, Z. (2009). Plasmodium falciparum Heterochromatin Protein 1 Marks Genomic Loci Linked to Phenotypic Variation of Exported Virulence Factors. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000569"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Malaria Epigenetics","volume":"7","author":"Deitsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05837.x","article-title":"Differential Var Gene Expression in the Organs of Patients Dying of Falciparum Malaria","volume":"65","author":"Montgomery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/28660","article-title":"Developmental Selection of Var Gene Expression in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"394","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.18.5418","article-title":"Antigenic Variation in Malaria: In Situ Switching, Relaxed and Mutually Exclusive Transcription of Var Genes during Intra-Erythrocytic Development in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"17","author":"Scherf","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12361","article-title":"PfSETvs Methylation of Histone H3K36 Represses Virulence Genes in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"499","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.037","article-title":"Telomeric Heterochromatin Propagation and Histone Acetylation Control Mutually Exclusive Expression of Antigenic Variation Genes in Malaria Parasites","volume":"121","author":"Freitas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12381","article-title":"Genome-Wide Profiling of Chromosome Interactions in Plasmodium falciparum Characterizes Nuclear Architecture and Reconfigurations Associated with Antigenic Variation","volume":"90","author":"Lemieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1810815116","article-title":"Comparative 3D Genome Organization in Apicomplexan Parasites","volume":"116","author":"Bunnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12154","article-title":"H2A.Z and H2B.Z Double-Variant Nucleosomes Define Intergenic Regions and Dynamically Occupy Var Gene Promoters in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"87","author":"Petter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petter, M., Lee, C.C., Byrne, T.J., Boysen, K.E., Volz, J., Ralph, S.A., Cowman, A.F., Brown, G.V., and Duffy, M.F. (2011). Expression of P. falciparum Var Genes Involves Exchange of the Histone Variant H2A.Z at the Promoter. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001292"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31965","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31965","article-title":"H3.3 Demarcates GC-Rich Coding and Subtelomeric Regions and Serves as Potential Memory Mark for Virulence Gene Expression in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"6","author":"Fraschka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.11.011","article-title":"PfSET10, a Plasmodium falciparum Methyltransferase, Maintains the Active Var Gene in a Poised State during Parasite Division","volume":"11","author":"Volz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05587.x","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Var Gene Expression Is Developmentally Controlled at the Level of RNA Polymerase II-Mediated Transcription Initiation","volume":"63","author":"Kyes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"E982","article-title":"Antisense Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Var Gene Activation in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"112","author":"Pozner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.751807","article-title":"Structural RNAs of Known and Unknown Function Identified in Malaria Parasites by Comparative Genomics and RNA Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2007","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"9710","article-title":"Trans-Acting GC-Rich Non-Coding RNA at Var Expression Site Modulates Gene Counting in Malaria Parasite","volume":"44","author":"Guizetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02292-4","article-title":"Sexual Differentiation and Sex Determination in the Apicomplexa","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eksi, S., Morahan, B.J., Haile, Y., Furuya, T., Jiang, H., Ali, O., Xu, H., Kiattibutr, K., Suri, A., and Czesny, B. (2012). Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Development 1 (Pfgdv1) and Gametocytogenesis Early Gene Identification and Commitment to Sexual Development. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002964"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01476.x","article-title":"Enhanced Gametocyte Formation in Young Erythrocytes by Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro","volume":"39","author":"Trager","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Protozool."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099003960","article-title":"Chloroquine Increases Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytogenesis in Vitro","volume":"118","author":"Buckling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0223-6","article-title":"Inducible Developmental Reprogramming Redefines Commitment to Sexual Development in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei","volume":"3","author":"Kent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.06.014","article-title":"A Plasmodium falciparum Histone Deacetylase Regulates Antigenic Variation and Gametocyte Conversion","volume":"16","author":"Coleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broadbent, K.M., Broadbent, J.C., Ribacke, U., Wirth, D., Rinn, J.L., and Sabeti, P.C. (2015). Strand-Specific RNA Sequencing in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Identifies Developmentally Regulated Long Non-Coding RNA and Circular RNA. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1603-4"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0291-7","article-title":"Revisiting the Initial Steps of Sexual Development in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"4","author":"Bancells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.008","article-title":"Comparative Heterochromatin Profiling Reveals Conserved and Unique Epigenome Signatures Linked to Adaptation and Development of Malaria Parasites","volume":"23","author":"Fraschka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04295-5","article-title":"Changes in Genome Organization of Parasite-Specific Gene Families during the Plasmodium Transmission Stages","volume":"9","author":"Bunnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14676","article-title":"The PfAP2-G2 Transcription Factor Is a Critical Regulator of Gametocyte Maturation","volume":"115","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115257","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism for Switching of P. falciparum Invasion Pathways into Human Erythrocytes","volume":"309","author":"Stubbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nm807","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Invasion through Glycophorin C and Selection for Gerbich Negativity in Human Populations","volume":"9","author":"Maier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg096","article-title":"Phenotypic Variation of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Proteins Directs Receptor Targeting for Invasion of Human Erythrocytes","volume":"22","author":"Duraisingh","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7509","article-title":"Targeted Disruption of an Erythrocyte Binding Antigen in Plasmodium falciparum Is Associated with a Switch toward a Sialic Acid-Independent Pathway of Invasion","volume":"97","author":"Reed","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5779-5789.2002","article-title":"Variation in the Expression of a Plasmodium falciparum Protein Family Implicated in Erythrocyte Invasion","volume":"70","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spadafora, C., Awandare, G.A., Kopydlowski, K.M., Czege, J., Moch, J.K., Finberg, R.W., Tsokos, G.C., and Stoute, J.A. (2010). Complement Receptor 1 Is a Sialic Acid-Independent Erythrocyte Receptor of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000968"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-341305","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum Uses a Key Functional Site in Complement Receptor Type-1 for Invasion of Human Erythrocytes","volume":"118","author":"Tham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.10.004","article-title":"Upregulation of Expression of the Reticulocyte Homology Gene 4 in the Plasmodium falciparum Clone Dd2 Is Associated with a Switch in the Erythrocyte Invasion Pathway","volume":"145","author":"Gaur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0730883100","article-title":"Erythrocyte-Binding Antigen 175 Mediates Invasion in Plasmodium falciparum Utilizing Sialic Acid-Dependent and -Independent Pathways","volume":"100","author":"Duraisingh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.002","article-title":"Malaria Parasite Clag3 Genes Determine Channel-Mediated Nutrient Uptake by Infected Red Blood Cells","volume":"145","author":"Nguitragool","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.081224","article-title":"Solute Restriction Reveals an Essential Role for Clag3-Associated Channels in Malaria Parasite Nutrient Acquisition","volume":"82","author":"Pillai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv730","article-title":"Deciphering the Principles That Govern Mutually Exclusive Expression of Plasmodium falciparum Clag3 Genes","volume":"43","author":"Crowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19429","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.468371","article-title":"An Epigenetic Antimalarial Resistance Mechanism Involving Parasite Genes Linked to Nutrient Uptake","volume":"288","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062722","article-title":"Epigenetic Variation and Regulation in Malaria Parasites","volume":"72","author":"Duraisingh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.009","article-title":"Malaria Parasites Do Respond to Heat","volume":"38","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00940-w","article-title":"A Heat-Shock Response Regulated by the PfAP2-HS Transcription Factor Protects Human Malaria Parasites from Febrile Temperatures","volume":"6","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100374","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum: In Vitro Growth Inhibition by Febrile Temperatures","volume":"87","author":"Long","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000821","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00008-21","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity and Stage Transition under Temperature Stress in Synchronized Plasmodium falciparum Cells","volume":"9","author":"Rawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60058","article-title":"Artemisinin Exposure at the Ring or Trophozoite Stage Impacts Plasmodium falciparum Sexual Conversion Differently","volume":"9","author":"Portugaliza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01236-06","article-title":"Molecular Factors and Biochemical Pathways Induced by Febrile Temperature in Intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum Parasites","volume":"75","author":"Oakley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.014","article-title":"Defining the Essential Function of Yeast Hsf1 Reveals a Compact Transcriptional Program for Maintaining Eukaryotic Proteostasis","volume":"63","author":"Pandey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1428206","article-title":"Regulon and Promoter Analysis of the E. Coli Heat-Shock Factor, Sigma32, Reveals a Multifaceted Cellular Response to Heat Stress","volume":"20","author":"Nonaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14692","article-title":"Febrile Temperature Causes Transcriptional Downregulation of Plasmodium falciparum Sirtuins through Hsp90-Dependent Epigenetic Modification","volume":"115","author":"Tabassum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.01.008","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Histone Deacetylase 1 Complex Proteins","volume":"198","author":"Engel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0255821","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02558-21","article-title":"Malaria Parasite Stress Tolerance Is Regulated by DNMT2-Mediated TRNA Cytosine Methylation","volume":"12","author":"Hammam","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.050260.115","article-title":"RNA Modification and the Epitranscriptome; the next Frontier","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3785","article-title":"The Dynamic Epitranscriptome: N6-Methyladenosine and Gene Expression Control","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8009","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20178009","article-title":"TRNA Epitranscriptomics and Biased Codon Are Linked to Proteome Expression in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0521-7","article-title":"Transcriptome-Wide Dynamics of Extensive M6A MRNA Methylation during Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Development","volume":"4","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, M.J., Padgett, L.R., Bastos, M.S., and Sullivan, W.J. (2021). M6A RNA Methylation Facilitates Pre-MRNA 3\u2032-End Formation and Is Essential for Viability of Toxoplasma Gondii. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.29.428772"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68312","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68312","article-title":"A Plant-like Mechanism Coupling M6A Reading to Polyadenylation Safeguards Transcriptome Integrity and Developmental Gene Partitioning in Toxoplasma","volume":"10","author":"Farhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaal, B.K., Gupta, A.P., Wastuwidyaningtyas, B.D., Luah, Y.H., and Bozdech, Z. (2010). Histone Deacetylases Play a Major Role in the Transcriptional Regulation of the Plasmodium falciparum Life Cycle. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000737"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04419-14","article-title":"Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitors Are Orally Bioavailable, Fast-Acting Molecules with Activity against Different Species Causing Malaria in Humans","volume":"59","author":"Malmquist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205414109","article-title":"Small-Molecule Histone Methyltransferase Inhibitors Display Rapid Antimalarial Activity against All Blood Stage Forms in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"109","author":"Malmquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"(2011). The malERA Consultative Group on Drugs A Research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Drugs. PLoS Med., 8."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paton, D.G., Probst, A.S., Ma, E., Adams, K.L., Shaw, W.R., Singh, N., Bopp, S., Volkman, S.K., Hien, D.F.S., and Par\u00e9, P.S.L. (2022). Using an Antimalarial in Mosquitoes Overcomes Anopheles and Plasmodium Resistance to Malaria Control Strategies. PLoS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010609"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130597","article-title":"The Plasmodium Bottleneck: Malaria Parasite Losses in the Mosquito Vector","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.12.009","article-title":"Population Dynamics of Plasmodium Sporogony","volume":"23","author":"Vaughan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elz007","article-title":"The Second Life of Plasmodium in the Mosquito Host: Gene Regulation on the Move","volume":"18","author":"Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/10\/1734\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:08Z","timestamp":1760143208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/10\/1734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13101734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13101734","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}