{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:46:28Z","timestamp":1793900788411,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare neuro-developmental disorder caused by variants in genes of histone modification, including KMT2D and KDM6A. This review assesses our current understanding of KS, which was originally named Niikawa\u2013Kuroki syndrome, and aims to guide surveillance and medical care of affected individuals as well as identify gaps in knowledge and unmet patient needs. Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1981 to 2021 to identify reports related to genotype and systems-based phenotype characterization of KS. A total of 2418 articles were retrieved, and 152 were included in this review, representing a total of 1369 individuals with KS. Genotype, phenotype, and the developmental and behavioral profile of KS are reviewed. There is a continuous clinical phenotype spectrum associated with KS with notable variability between affected individuals and an emerging genotype\u2013phenotype correlation. The observed clinical variability may be attributable to differences in genotypes and\/or unknown genetic and epigenetic factors. Clinical management is symptom oriented, fragmented, and lacks established clinical care standards. Additional research should focus on enhancing understanding of the burden of illness, the impact on quality of life, the adult phenotype, life expectancy and development of standard-of-care guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T21:03:10Z","timestamp":1664485390000},"page":"1761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["From Genotype to Phenotype\u2014A Review of Kabuki Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-4470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly K.","family":"Barry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaelangelo","family":"Tsaparlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orexia Therapeutics, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret P.","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf A.","family":"Bodamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80255-7","article-title":"Kabuki make-up syndrome: A syndrome of mental retardation, unusual facies, large and protruding ears, and postnatal growth deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Niikawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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