{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:12:50Z","timestamp":1790107970636,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["UMO2015\/19\/B\/NZ7\/03691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO2015\/19\/B\/NZ7\/03691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Research on the hypodopaminergic hypothesis of addictions showed that hypodopaminergic activity in males predicted the number of drugs used and is associated with drug-seeking behavior. Variant alleles may cause hypodopaminergic functioning as a result of the reduced density of dopamine receptors, decreased response to dopamine, increased dopamine clearance or metabolism in the reward system. The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is involved in the metabolism of dopamine. Personality traits may mediate the genetic predisposition to substance use disorders additively by various motivations associated with reward-seeking and regulating negative emotions, and also relate to self-control and environment selection. The aim of the study: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the rs4680 polymorphism of COMT with personality dimensions and anxiety in patients addicted to stimulants other than cocaine (F15 according to WHO ICD-10 nomenclature) in the case of examined patients amphetamine. Methods: The study was conducted among patients addicted to stimulants other than cocaine (amphetamine). The study group included 247 patients addicted to stimulants (amphetamine) and the control group comprised 280 healthy male volunteers. The real-time PCR method was used to carry out genetic tests; personality dimensions were assessed using the standardized NEO-FFI and state and trait anxiety were assessed with STAI. All analyses were performed using STATISTICA 13. Results: The results of the 2 \u00d7 3 factorial ANOVA showed a statistically significant effect of the combined factor COMT rs4680 genotype on the group of patients diagnosed with other stimulants dependence\/control (F2,252 = 3.11, p = 0.0465, \u03b72 = 0.024). Additionally, we observed that the results of the 2 \u00d7 3 factorial ANOVA showed a statistically significant influence of the combined factor COMT rs4680 on the genotype in the group of patients diagnosis with other stimulants dependence\/control (F2,252 = 6.16, p = 0.0024, \u03b72 = 0.047). Conclusions: In our research, the polymorphism G\/G COMT rs4680 genotype was associated with higher scores of STAI traits and STAI states in the patients dependent on amphetamine. In the control group we observed no such interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1665261801000},"page":"1768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Associations between the COMT rs4680 Gene Polymorphism and Personality Dimensions and Anxiety in Patients with a Diagnosis of Other Stimulants Dependence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Masiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 G\u0142uska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stro\u0144ska-Pluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u015amiarowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2633-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)63005-X","article-title":"The dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction: Hypodopaminergic state","volume":"63","author":"Melis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-006-0013-3","article-title":"An overview of the genetics of substance use disorders","volume":"8","author":"Lachman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.07.004","article-title":"Genetic, personality, and environmental predictors of drug use in adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Conner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02305.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to the diversity of substances used in adolescent twins: A longitudinal study of age and sex effects","volume":"103","author":"Derringer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"593","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Bio-chemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"Kaakkola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1983.tb13597.x","article-title":"Localization of Membrane-Bound Cate-chol-O-Methyltransferase","volume":"40","author":"Rivett","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00537a006","article-title":"Kinetic Studies on the O-Methylation of Dopamine by Human Brain Mem-brane-Boun Catechol O-Methyltransferase","volume":"21","author":"Rivett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Membrane-Bound Catechol-O-Methyltransferase: A Reevaluation of Its Role in the O-Methylationof the Catecholamine Neurotransmitters","volume":"120","author":"Roth","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30539","article-title":"Expression of Multiple Catechol-o-Methyltransferase (COMT) MRNA Variants in Human Brain","volume":"144B","author":"Tunbridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuro-Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.10286","article-title":"Catechol-o-Methyltransferase (COMT) and Proline Dehydrogenase (PRODH) MRNAs in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depression","volume":"51","author":"Tunbridge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199606000-00007","article-title":"Human Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Pharmacogenetics: Description of a Functional Polymorphism and Its Potential Application to Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"6","author":"Lachman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/425589","article-title":"Functional Analysis of Genetic Variation in Cate-chol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on MRNA, Protein, and Enzyme Activity in Postmortem Human Brain","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"678","article-title":"Long Forms of the Dopamine Receptor (DRD4) Gene VNTR Are More Prevalent in Substance Abusers: No Interaction with Functional Alleles of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene","volume":"74","author":"Vandenbergh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<599::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Confirmation of an Excess of the High Enzyme Activity COMT Val Allele in Heroin Addicts in a Family-Based Haplo-type Relative Risk Study","volume":"96","author":"Horowitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000509","article-title":"association between the Functional Variant of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene and Type 1 Alcoholism","volume":"4","author":"Tiihonen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000803","article-title":"Association Study of the Low-Activity Allele of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Alcoholism Using a Family-Based Approach","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300997","article-title":"Significant Association of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Haplotypes with Nicotine Dependence in Male and Female Smokers of Two Ethnic Popu-lations","volume":"31","author":"Beuten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzywacz, A., Suchanecka, A., Chmielowiec, J., Chmielowiec, K., Szumilas, K., Masiak, J., Balwicki, \u0141., Micha\u0142owska-Sawczyn, M., and Trybek, G. (2020). Personality Traits or Genetic Determinants\u2014Which Strongly Influences E-Cigarette Users?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010365"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(99)00045-4","article-title":"D(1) Receptors in Prefrontal Cells and Circuits","volume":"31","author":"Muly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30024","article-title":"Association Analysis of the DRD4 and COMT Genes in Methamphetamine Abuse","volume":"129B","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ypg.0000218613.35139.cd","article-title":"An Association Study between Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Gene Polymorphism and Methamphetamine Psychotic Disorder","volume":"16","author":"Suzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678648","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/678648","article-title":"COMT Val158Met Polymorphism, Executive Dysfunction, and Sexual Risk Behavior in the Context of HIV Infection and Methamphetamine Dependence","volume":"2010","author":"Bousman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328340bdf2","article-title":"Are Genetic Variants of COMT Associated with Addiction?","volume":"20","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Genom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, P.T., and McCrae, R.R. (2008). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Volume 2\u2014Personality Measurement and Testing, SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849200479.n9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2003.09.009","article-title":"Human Nature and Culture: A Trait Perspective","volume":"38","author":"McCrae","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Personal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02213.x","article-title":"Are There Genetic Influences on Addiction: Evidence from Family, Adoption and Twin Studies","volume":"103","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM\u20145), APA.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00915.x","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Individual Differences: The Three Major Dimensions of Personality","volume":"58","author":"Eysenck","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pers."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boscutti, A., Pigoni, A., Delvecchio, G., Lazzaretti, M., Mandolini, G.M., Girardi, P., Ferro, A., Sala, M., Abbiati, V., and Cappucciati, M. (2022). The Influence of 5-HTTLPR, BDNF Rs6265 and COMT Rs4680 Polymorphisms on Impulsivity in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Gender. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030482"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026620666200131124608","article-title":"Neurocognitive and psychiatric markers for addiction: Common vs. specific endophenotypes for heroin and amphetamine dependence","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.015","article-title":"Drug addiction endophenotypes: Impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits","volume":"68","author":"Ersche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11091421","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and anxious-impulsive personality traits are endophenotypes for drug dependence","volume":"169","author":"Ersche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms of Addiction: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory","volume":"29","author":"Hyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10196","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0665-07.2007","article-title":"Site-Specific Role of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in Dopamine Overflow within Prefrontal Cortex and Dorsal Striatum","volume":"27","author":"Yavich","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30716","article-title":"Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Variants: Possible Association of the Val158Met Variant with Opiate Addiction in Hispanic Women","volume":"147B","author":"Oosterhuis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2009.11.008","article-title":"Association between Novelty Seeking of Opiate-Dependent Patients and the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val(158)Met Polymorphism","volume":"51","author":"Demetrovics","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2478\/bhk-2022-0015","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on depression and anxiety with changing neurotransmitters in methamphetamine long term abusers: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Arazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00999","article-title":"Effects of exercise on depression, anxiety, cognitive control, craving, physical fitness and quality of life in methamphetamine-dependent patients","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Z., Chai, T., Zhang, Q., Zhou, X., and Chu, Z. (2019, January 21\u201324). Predicting potential drug abusers using machine learning techniques. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIBMS46890.2019.8991550"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Dash, G.F., Martin, N.G., and Slutske, W.S. (2021). Big Five personality traits and illicit drug use: Specificity in trait\u2013drug associations. Psychol. Addict. Behav., 11, online ahead of print."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/10\/1768\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:23Z","timestamp":1760143463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/10\/1768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13101768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13101768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}}}