{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:36:58Z","timestamp":1792719418291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL109942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL109942"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute","award":["R01HL146583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL146583"]}]},{"name":"American Heart Association Merit Award, Remembrin\u2019 Benjamin Foundation, and the John Ritter Foundation","award":["R01HL109942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL109942"]}]},{"name":"American Heart Association Merit Award, Remembrin\u2019 Benjamin Foundation, and the John Ritter Foundation","award":["R01HL146583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL146583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracic aortic aneurysms involving the root and\/or the ascending aorta enlarge over time until an acute tear in the intimal layer leads to a highly fatal condition, an acute aortic dissection (AAD). These Stanford type A AADs, in which the tear occurs above the sinotubular junction, leading to the formation of a false lumen in the aortic wall that may extend to the arch and thoracoabdominal aorta. Type B AADs originate in the descending thoracic aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery. Genetic variants and various environmental conditions that disrupt the aortic wall integrity have been identified that increase the risk for thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAD). In this review, we discuss the predominant TAD-associated risk factors, focusing primarily on the non-genetic factors, and discuss the underlying mechanisms leading to TAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1665261801000},"page":"1814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Risk Factors for Thoracic Aortic Dissection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.100, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana C.","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.100, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6341-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siddharth K.","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.100, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna M.","family":"Milewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.100, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181d47d48","article-title":"2010 ACCF\/AHA\/AATS\/ACR\/ASA\/SCA\/SCAI\/SIR\/STS\/SVM Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine","volume":"121","author":"Hiratzka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000483","article-title":"Population-based study of incidence and outcome of acute aortic dissection and premorbid risk factor control: 10-year results from the Oxford Vascular Study","volume":"127","author":"Howard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.03.015","article-title":"Prevalence of Type A Acute Aortic Dissection in Patients With Out-Of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Arrest","volume":"117","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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