{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T02:18:11Z","timestamp":1775096291706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP-2021\/339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/339"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["R-1007\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-1007\/2018"]}]},{"name":"University of Murcia","award":["RSP-2021\/339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP-2021\/339"]}]},{"name":"University of Murcia","award":["R-1007\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-1007\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genome-wide association studies showed the relationship of NIN, ABHD12B, WHAMM, AP3B2, and SIGLEC5 with chronic periodontitis. The study\u2019s objective was to investigate different molecular patterns and evolutionary forces acting on the mentioned genes. The investigation of molecular patterns encompasses the study of compositional parameters, expression profile, physical properties of genes, codon preferences, degree of codon bias, determination of the most influential codons, and assessment of actions of evolutionary forces, such as mutations and natural selection. The overall compositional analysis revealed the dominance of A and G nucleotides compared to T and C. A relatively low codon usage bias is observed. The CTG codon is the most overused codon, followed by TCC. The genes, AP3B2 and SIGLEC5, preferred GC-ending codons, while NIN, ABHD12B, and WHAMM preferred AT-ending codons. The presence of directional mutational force and natural selection was found to operate codon usage in genes envisaged, and selective forces were dominant over mutational forces. Apart from mutation and selection forces, compositional constraints also played imperative roles. The study enriched our knowledge of specific molecular patterns associated with the set of genes significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. Further studies are warranted to identify more genetic signatures associated with the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13111934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T06:37:45Z","timestamp":1666593465000},"page":"1934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Codon Pattern and Compositional Constraints Determination of Genes Associated with Chronic Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rekha","family":"Khandia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah Universty, Bhopal 462026, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal 462020, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor Vladimirovich","family":"Rzhepakovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Biological Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355009 Stavropol, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5955-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azmat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Legaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2017). 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