{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:02:19Z","timestamp":1792551739355,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a la Mejora en las Condiciones de Producci\u00f3n de los Miembros del SNI y SNCA 2019-2022"},{"name":"Universidad de Guadalajara for Ulises de la Cruz-Mosso"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VD) deficiency is more frequent in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients than in control subjects (CS); genetic variants in the VD receptor (VDR) could contribute to the clinical disease activity. This study was aimed to determine the association of the VDR variants FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), and TaqI (rs731236) with susceptibility to the disease, VD status, VDR mRNA expression, and clinical disease activity in SLE patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 194 SLE and 196 CS Mexican women. Immunoassays quantified serum calcidiol and calcitriol. Genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination assays and mRNA VDR expression by qPCR. The FokI variant was not in linkage disequilibrium with BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI\u00a0VDR variants. SLE patient carriers of the TT FokI genotype showed higher clinical disease activity scores. Notably, the mRNA VDR expression was higher in SLE patients vs. CS, in active vs. inactive SLE patients, and in participants of both study groups with vitamin D deficiency, higher calcitriol levels, and TT FokI genotype carriers. In conclusion, the TT FokI VDR genotype was related to high VDR expression and clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1667445081000},"page":"2016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Genetic Variants: Relationship of FokI Genotypes with VDR Expression and Clinical Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica R.","family":"Meza-Meza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-0802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Vizmanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Evaluaci\u00f3n del Estado Nutricio, Departamento de Cl\u00ednicas de la Reproducci\u00f3n Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Rivera-Escoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo I.","family":"Ruiz-Ballesteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Pesqueda-Cendejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isela","family":"Parra-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39087, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9309-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Montoya-Buelna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Luqu\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha","family":"Campos-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina E.","family":"Mora-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Cerpa-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reumatolog\u00eda, O.P.D. Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara 44280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4579-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulises","family":"De la Cruz-Mosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Inmunonutrici\u00f3n y Gen\u00f3mica Nutricional en las Enfermedades Autoinmunes, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias Traslacionales, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13245","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus in an Indian cohort","volume":"21","author":"Mahto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4036-z","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor FokI, TaqI, and ApaI polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Bae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2808613","article-title":"Association of High Calcitriol Serum Levels and Its Hydroxylation Efficiency Ratio with Disease Risk in SLE Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"2021","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Ballesteros, A.I., Meza-Meza, M.R., Vizmanos-Lamotte, B., Parra-Rojas, I., and de la Cruz-Mosso, U. (2020). Association of Vitamin D Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms with Autoimmunity: Evidence in Population Genetic Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249626"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eloi, M., Horvath, D.V., Ortega, J.C., Prado, M.S., Andrade, L.E.C., and Szejnfeld, V.L. (2017). 25-Hydroxivitamin D Serum Concentration, Not Free and Bioavailable Vitamin D, Is Associated with Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients. PLoS One, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170323"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/745647","article-title":"Genetic Factors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Contribution to Disease Phenotype","volume":"2015","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2015.07.003","article-title":"Genetics and novel aspects of therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"14","author":"Relle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2010.01.007","article-title":"Genetic Factors Predisposing to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis","volume":"30","author":"Ramos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"492","article-title":"Vitamin D status in a monocentric cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and correlations with clinical and immunological profile","volume":"74","author":"Ong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. J. Malaysia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000064","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2014-000064","article-title":"Association of low vitamin D with high disease activity in an Australian systemic lupus erythematosus cohort","volume":"2","author":"Yap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"48","article-title":"High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases in China","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00697","article-title":"Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"7","author":"Dankers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mak, A. (2018). The Impact of Vitamin D on the Immunopathophysiology, Disease Activity, and Extra-Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082355"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"20","article-title":"Los polomorfismos del gen del receptor de la vitamina D (VDR) modulan la respuesta a la vitamina D de forma tejido espec\u00edfica","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Metab. \u00d3seas"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"28","article-title":"Vitamina D, receptor de la vitamina D e importancia de su activaci\u00f3n en el paciente con enfermedad renal cr\u00f3nica","volume":"35","author":"Bover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nefrolog\u00eda (Madr.)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974","article-title":"1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells","volume":"167","author":"Boonstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejr.2016.11.003","article-title":"Clinical significance of vitamin D deficiency and receptor gene polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"39","author":"Gado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35390","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15697","article-title":"Fine tuning of vitamin D receptor (VDR) activity by post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications","volume":"8","author":"Zenata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska, A., Kostyra, E., Fiedorowicz, E., Snarska, J., Kordulewska, N., and Kiper, K. (2018). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene (VDR) May Have an Impact on Acute Pancreatitis (AP) Development: A Prospective Study in Populations of AP Patients and Alcohol-Abuse Controls. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071919"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2017.03.047","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome and its components among adult Arabs from the United Arab Emirates","volume":"11","author":"Hasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"633","article-title":"Association of FokI and PvuII polymorphisms with breast cancer staging and survival among Caucasian women: A prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Yiallourou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. BUON"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.05.014","article-title":"Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms","volume":"338","author":"Uitterlinden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.06.002","article-title":"The impact of VDR expression and regulation in vivo","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00148","article-title":"The vitamin d receptor and T cell function","volume":"4","author":"Kongsbak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400928","article-title":"Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Hochberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anngen.2003.12.001","article-title":"Genotype and allele frequency of PAI-1 promoter polymorphism in healthy subjects from the west of Mexico. Association with biochemical and hematological parameters","volume":"47","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1934","article-title":"The Systemic Lupus Activity Measure-revised, the Mexican Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), and a modified SLEDAI-2K are adequate instruments to measure disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Uribe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390303","article-title":"The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics\/American College of Rheumatology damage index for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"39","author":"Gladman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.3.1215","article-title":"A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction","volume":"162","author":"Chomczynski","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, September 21). OpenEpi: Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health, Version 2.3.1 \u2013 ScienceOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.scienceopen.com\/document?vid=61cdd360-9883-4330-8c18-3f0341b0f715."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.4238\/2013.July.30.13","article-title":"Association analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Mexican-Mestizo women","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/49.1.49","article-title":"The Interaction of Selection and Linkage. I. General Considerations; Heterotic Models","volume":"49","author":"Lewontin","year":"1964","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"921","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood estimation of molecular haplotype frequencies in a diploid population","volume":"12","author":"Excoffier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290272","article-title":"SHEsis, a powerful software platform for analyses of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic association at polymorphism loci","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1157\/13078029","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis estad\u00edstico de polimorfismos gen\u00e9ticos en estudios epidemiol\u00f3gicos","volume":"19","author":"Iniesta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-013-2726-9","article-title":"Role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in Egyptian female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"40","author":"Emerah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e465","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13263","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI B\/b and FokI F\/f polymorphisms with adult dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"55","author":"Dzhebir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.02.014","article-title":"Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: Association of -794 CATT5-8 and -173 G>C polymorphisms with TNF-\u03b1 in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"75","author":"Bucala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20765","article-title":"Genetic admixture, relatedness, and structure patterns among Mexican populations revealed by the Y-chromosome","volume":"135","author":"Gorostiza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32482-3","article-title":"Prognostic significance of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in liver cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Triantos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v37i3.3247","article-title":"Association of polymorphic variants of PTPN22, TNF and VDR genes in children with lupus nephritis: A study in Colombian family triads","volume":"37","author":"Garavito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1601-x","article-title":"Haplotype analysis of VDR gene polymorphisms: A meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Thakkinstian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2014.922577","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2898-6","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor gene BsmI, FokI, ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314566636","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus in Portuguese patients","volume":"24","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2174\/187152809788462644","article-title":"Vitamin D and the adaptive immune system with special emphasis to allergic reactions and allograft rejection","volume":"8","author":"Zittermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201909-1867OC","article-title":"Vitamin D Metabolism Is Dysregulated in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"202","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3432","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor-deficient mice fail to develop experimental allergic asthma","volume":"173","author":"Wittke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvaraja, M., Abdullah, M., Arip, M., Chin, V.K., Shah, A., and Amin-Nordin, S. (2019). Elevated interleukin-25 and its association to Th2 cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis. PLoS One, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224707"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"980286","article-title":"Th subset balance in lupus nephritis","volume":"2011","author":"Miyake","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.690","article-title":"Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Wortsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1159\/000490669","article-title":"Genetic Factors and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D and Obesity Relationship","volume":"73","author":"Leis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrani\u0107, L., Mikola\u0161evi\u0107, I., and Mili\u0107, S. (2019). Vitamin D Deficiency: Consequence or Cause of Obesity?. Medicina (Kaunas), 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55090541"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin D and systemic lupus erythematosus - The hype and the hope","volume":"17","author":"Shoenfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and health - The missing vitamin in humans","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06094-2","article-title":"Higher IgG level correlated with vitamin D receptor in the hippocampus of a pristane-induced lupus model","volume":"41","author":"Karnopp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz190","article-title":"High dose vitamin D exacerbates central nervous system autoimmunity by raising T-cell excitatory calcium","volume":"142","author":"Torke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roab023","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor expression in SLE peripheral blood CD4+T cells is associated with disease activity and cell apoptosis","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/11\/2016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1760144980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/13\/11\/2016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["genes13112016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes13112016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]}}}