{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:25:25Z","timestamp":1789593925851,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]],"date-time":"2022-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPB2022P14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022P14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPB2022Y15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022Y15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPF2017-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF2017-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding","award":["U21A20193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20193"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding","award":["CPB2022P14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022P14"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding","award":["CPB2022Y15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022Y15"]}]},{"name":"Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding","award":["CPF2017-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF2017-20"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010821","name":"Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010821","name":"Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPB2022P14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022P14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010821","name":"Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPB2022Y15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022Y15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010821","name":"Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPF2017-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF2017-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Human-Assisted Soft Release Project","award":["U21A20193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20193"]}]},{"name":"Human-Assisted Soft Release Project","award":["CPB2022P14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022P14"]}]},{"name":"Human-Assisted Soft Release Project","award":["CPB2022Y15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPB2022Y15"]}]},{"name":"Human-Assisted Soft Release Project","award":["CPF2017-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF2017-20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ticks rank second in the world as vectors of disease. Tick infestation is one of the factors threatening the health and survival of giant pandas. Here, we describe the mitogenomes of Ixodes acutitarsus and Ixodes ovatus parasitizing giant pandas, and perform comparative and phylogenetic genomic analyses on the newly sequenced and other available mitogenomes of hard ticks. All six newly determined mitogenomes contain a typical gene component and share an ancient Arthropoda gene arrangement pattern. Our study suggests that I. ovatus is a species complex with high genetic divergence, indicating that different clades of I. ovatus represent distinct species. Comparative mitogenomic analyses show that the average A + T content of Ixodidae mitogenomes is 78.08%, their GC-skews are strongly negative, while AT-skews fluctuate around 0. A large number of microsatellites are detected in Ixodidae mitogenomes, and the main microsatellite motifs are mononucleotide A and trinucleotide AAT. We summarize five gene arrangement types, and identify the trnY-COX1-trnS1-COX2-trnK-ATP8-ATP6-COX3-trnG fragment is the most conserved region, whereas the region near the control region is the rearrangement hotspot in Ixodidae mitogenomes. The phylogenetic trees based on 15 genes provide a very convincing relationship (Ixodes + (Robertsicus + ((Bothriocroton + Haemaphysalis) + (Amblyomma + (Dermacentor + (Rhipicentor + (Hyalomma + Rhipicephalus))))))) with very strong supports. Remarkably, Archaeocroton sphenodonti is embedded in the Haemaphysalis clade with strong supports, resulting in paraphyly of the Haemaphysalis genus, so in-depth morphological and molecular studies are essential to determine the taxonomic status of A. sphenodonti and its closely related species. Our results provide new insights into the molecular phylogeny and evolution of hard ticks, as well as basic data for population genetics assessment and efficient surveillance and control for the giant panda-infesting ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:56:36Z","timestamp":1667908596000},"page":"2049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Complete Mitogenomes of Ticks Ixodes acutitarsus and Ixodes ovatus Parasitizing Giant Panda: Deep Insights into the Comparative Mitogenomic and Phylogenetic Relationship of Ixodidae Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Center of Daxiangling Nature Reserve in Yingjing County, Ya\u2019an 625200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8034-0977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gexiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Cyber Security, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jindong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejiao","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanshan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanwei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu 610081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilan","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2018.06.005","article-title":"Lack of seasonality of Amblyomma rotundatum (Acari: Ixodidade) on Rhinella jimi (Anura: Bufonidae) in a semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne 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