{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:04:57Z","timestamp":1776834297535,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Johnson Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Research","award":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"]}]},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Johnson Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Research","award":["NCI 5U01CA213330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI 5U01CA213330"]}]},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Johnson Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Research","award":["LCDA-922902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCDA-922902"]}]},{"name":"Chest Foundation Grant for Lung Cancer","award":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"]}]},{"name":"Chest Foundation Grant for Lung Cancer","award":["NCI 5U01CA213330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI 5U01CA213330"]}]},{"name":"Chest Foundation Grant for Lung Cancer","award":["LCDA-922902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCDA-922902"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NCI 5U01CA213330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI 5U01CA213330"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["LCDA-922902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCDA-922902"]}]},{"name":"American Lung Association","award":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI NCATS 5KL2TR002648"]}]},{"name":"American Lung Association","award":["NCI 5U01CA213330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCI 5U01CA213330"]}]},{"name":"American Lung Association","award":["LCDA-922902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCDA-922902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung and breast cancer are the two most common causes of malignant pleural effusion (MPE). MPE diagnosis plays a crucial role in determining staging and therapeutic interventions in these cancers. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of MPE at the molecular level is limited. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and their contents, including microRNAs (miRNAs), can be isolated from all bodily fluids, including pleural fluid. This study aims to compare EV-miRNA patterns of expression in MPE caused by breast (BA-MPE) and lung (LA-MPE) adenocarcinomas compared to the control group of heart-failure-induced effusions (HF-PE). We conducted an analysis of 24 pleural fluid samples (8 LA-MPE, 8 BA-MPE, and 8 HF-PE). Using NanoString technology, we profiled miRNAs within EVs isolated from 12 cases. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated differential expression of miR-1246 in the MPE group vs. HF-PE group and miR-150-5p and miR-1246 in the BA-MPE vs. LA-MPE group, respectively. This difference was demonstrated and validated in an independent cohort using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). miRNA-1246 demonstrated 4-fold increased expression (OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 0.43, 35) in the MPE vs. HF-PE group, resulting in an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.99). The highest accuracy for differentiating MPE vs. HF-PE was seen with a combination of miRNAs compared to each miRNA alone. Consistent with prior studies, this study demonstrates dysregulation of specific EV-based miRNAs in breast and lung cancer; pleural fluid provides direct access for the analysis of these EV-miRNAs as biomarkers and potential targets and may provide insight into the underlying pathogenesis of tumor progression. These findings should be explored in large prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:09:30Z","timestamp":1669000170000},"page":"2159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA in Malignant Pleural Effusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samira","family":"Shojaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Suite B187, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trinidad M.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulmira","family":"Yermakhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Suite B187, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Saviana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9344-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Suite B187, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-4334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Nigita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Calore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Biostatistics, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Swift-Scanlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob T.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najib M.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Nana-Sinkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Acunzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21442","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2018","volume":"68","author":"Siegel","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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