{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:15:11Z","timestamp":1790612111525,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Program of Qinghai (Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province)","award":["2020-ZJ-786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ZJ-786"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Program of Qinghai (Science and Technology Department of Qinghai Province)","award":["(2020)9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2020)9"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding person of Kunlong\u00b7 rural revitalization Program","award":["2020-ZJ-786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-ZJ-786"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding person of Kunlong\u00b7 rural revitalization Program","award":["(2020)9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2020)9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SMAD1, SMAD2, and SMAD3 are important transcription factors downstream of the TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD signaling pathway that mediates several physiological processes. In the current study, we used cloning sequencing, RT-qPCR, bioinformatics methods and iMLDR technology to clone the coding region of Tibetan sheep genes, analyze the protein structure and detect the tissue expression characteristics of Tibetan sheep genes, and detect the polymorphisms of 433 Tibetan sheep and analyze their correlation with litter size. The results showed that the ORFs of the SMAD1, SMAD2 and SMAD3 genes were 1398 bp, 1404 bp and 1278 bp, respectively, and encoded 465, 467 and 425 amino acids, respectively. The SMAD1, SMAD2, and SMAD3 proteins were all unstable hydrophilic mixed proteins. SMAD1, SMAD2 and SMAD3 were widely expressed in Tibetan sheep tissues, and all were highly expressed in the uterus, spleen, ovary and lung tissues. Litter sizes of the genotype CC in the SMAD1 gene g.10729C&gt;T locus were significantly higher than that of CT (p &lt; 0.05). In the SMAD3 gene g.21447C&gt;T locus, the genotype TT individuals showed a higher litter size than the CC and CT genotype individuals (p &lt; 0.05). These results preliminarily demonstrated that SMAD1, SMAD2 and SMAD3 were the major candidate genes that affected litter size traits in Tibetan sheep and could be used as a molecular genetic marker for early auxiliary selection for improving reproductive traits during sheep breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T02:17:57Z","timestamp":1670465877000},"page":"2307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Expression and Polymorphisms of SMAD1, SMAD2 and SMAD3 Genes and Their Association with Litter Size in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mingming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruizhe","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaocheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Genetics and Breeding on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs\/Plateau Livestock Genetic Resources Protection and Innovative Utilization key Laboratory of Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Obseration of ovary histology and ultrastructure of follicles in Tibetan sheep","volume":"52","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet. 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