{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T12:46:31Z","timestamp":1776343591866,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sustainable Beef and Forage Science Cluster"},{"name":"Canadian Beef Cattle Check-Off"},{"name":"Beef Cattle Research Council (BCRC)"},{"name":"Alberta Beef Producers"},{"name":"Alberta Cattle Feeders\u2019 Association"},{"name":"Beef Farmers of Ontario"},{"name":"La F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des Productuers de bovins du Qu\u00e9bec"},{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada\u2019s Canadian Agricultural Partnership"},{"name":"NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission ratio distortion (TRD), or significant deviations from Mendelian inheritance, is a well-studied phenomenon on autosomal chromosomes, but has not yet received attention on sex chromosomes. TRD was analyzed on 3832 heterosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 400 pseudoautosomal SNPs spanning the length of the X-chromosome using 436,651 genotyped Holstein cattle. On the pseudoautosomal region, an opposite sire-TRD pattern between male and female offspring was identified for 149 SNPs. This finding revealed unique SNPs linked to a specific-sex (Y- or X-) chromosome and describes the accumulation of recombination events across the pseudoautosomal region. On the heterosomal region, 13 SNPs and 69 haplotype windows were identified with dam-TRD. Functional analyses for TRD regions highlighted relevant biological functions responsible to regulate spermatogenesis, development of Sertoli cells, homeostasis of endometrium tissue and embryonic development. This study uncovered the prevalence of different TRD patterns across both heterosomal and pseudoautosomal regions of the X-chromosome and revealed functional candidate genes for bovine reproduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T04:46:46Z","timestamp":1670561206000},"page":"2322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Deviations from Mendelian Inheritance on Bovine X-Chromosome Revealing Recombination, Sex-of-Offspring Effects and Fertility-Related Candidate Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5289-4788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir","family":"Id-Lahoucine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Casellas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Ci\u00e8ncia Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6917-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo A. S.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aroa","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavio S.","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"C\u00e1novas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.43.1.158","article-title":"Evidence of evolutionary forces leading to the spread of lethal genes in wild populations of house mice","volume":"43","author":"Dunn","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. 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