{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:12:32Z","timestamp":1788023552981,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation project","award":["2022LHMS03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHMS03002"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation project","award":["NJZY22658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22658"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation project","award":["YKD2022ZD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2022ZD012"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation project","award":["2020ZD0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0003"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation project","award":["2021YFD1200905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1200905"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project","award":["2022LHMS03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHMS03002"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project","award":["NJZY22658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22658"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project","award":["YKD2022ZD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2022ZD012"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project","award":["2020ZD0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0003"]}]},{"name":"Inner Mongolia Higher Education Science and Technology Research Project","award":["2021YFD1200905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1200905"]}]},{"name":"Key project of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["2022LHMS03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHMS03002"]}]},{"name":"Key project of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["NJZY22658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22658"]}]},{"name":"Key project of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["YKD2022ZD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2022ZD012"]}]},{"name":"Key project of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["2020ZD0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0003"]}]},{"name":"Key project of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["2021YFD1200905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1200905"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","award":["2022LHMS03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHMS03002"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","award":["NJZY22658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22658"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","award":["YKD2022ZD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2022ZD012"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","award":["2020ZD0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Major Project of Inner Mongolia","award":["2021YFD1200905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1200905"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022LHMS03002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHMS03002"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["NJZY22658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJZY22658"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["YKD2022ZD012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2022ZD012"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2020ZD0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZD0003"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFD1200905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1200905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spermatogenesis is a complicated course of several rigorous restrained steps that spermatogonial stem cells undergo to develop into highly specialized spermatozoa; however, specific genes and signal pathways, which regulate the amplification, differentiation and maturation of these cells, remain unclear. We performed bioinformatics analyses to investigate the dynamic changes of the gene expression patterns at three time points in the course of the first wave of rat spermatogenesis. Differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the features of DEGs were further analyzed with GO (Gene Ontology), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM). A total of 2954 differentially expressed genes were identified. By using STEM, the top 10 key genes were selected in the profile according to the enrichment results, and the distinguishable biological functions encoded by these DEGs were automatically divided into three parts. Genes from 6, 8 and 10 days were related to biosynthesis, immune response and cell junction, and genes from 14, 15 and 16 days were related to energy metabolic pathways. The results also suggest that genes from 29, 31 and 35 days may shift metabolic to sperm motility, sperm flagellum and cilium movement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14010229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:10:34Z","timestamp":1673838634000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Transcriptome Profiling of Developing Testes and First Wave of Spermatogenesis in the Rat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiyin","family":"Batu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taodi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0431","article-title":"Mammalian gonocyte and spermatogonia differentiation: Recent advances and remaining challenges","volume":"149","author":"Manku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.261925.115","article-title":"Transcription and imprinting dynamics in developing postnatal male germline stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Hammoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.005","article-title":"Transcriptional control of spermatogonial maintenance and differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. 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Androl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1226","article-title":"Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq","volume":"5","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., He, X., Zhao, Y., Bai, D., Du, M., Song, L., Liu, Z., Yin, Z., and Manglai, D. (2020). Transcriptome profiling of developing testes and spermatogenesis in the Mongolian horse. BMC Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-020-00843-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laiho, A., Kotaja, N., Gyenesei, A., and Sironen, A. (2013). Transcriptome profiling of the murine testis during the first wave of spermatogenesis. 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