{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:56:25Z","timestamp":1778925385062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) through the Operational Program \u201cCompetitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation\u201d (NSRF 2014\u20132020)\u201d","award":["MIS-5002636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS-5002636"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic RNA virus and a member of the genus Flavivirus. Naturally, the virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving mosquitoes as vectors and birds that are the principal amplifying virus hosts. In humans, the incubation period for WNV disease ranges from 3 to 14 days, with an estimated 80% of infected persons being asymptomatic, around 19% developing a mild febrile infection and less than 1% developing neuroinvasive disease. Laboratory diagnosis of WNV infection is generally accomplished by cross-reacting serological methods or highly sensitive yet expensive molecular approaches. Therefore, current diagnostic tools hinder widespread surveillance of WNV in birds and mosquitoes that serve as viral reservoirs for infecting secondary hosts, such as humans and equines. We have developed a synthetic biology-based method for sensitive and low-cost detection of WNV. This method relies on toehold riboswitches designed to detect WNV genomic RNA as transcriptional input and process it to GFP fluorescence as translational output. Our methodology offers a non-invasive tool with reduced operating cost and high diagnostic value that can be used for field surveillance of WNV in humans as well as in bird and mosquito populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14010237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development of Toehold Switches as a Novel Ribodiagnostic Method for West Nile Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8648-9908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonis","family":"Giakountis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Stylianidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anxhela","family":"Zaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Styliani","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Hadjichristodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostas","family":"Mathiopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis-Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A Neurotropic Virus Isolated from the Blood of a Native of Uganda 1","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. 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