{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:09:32Z","timestamp":1777432172694,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO)","award":["T007016N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T007016N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T007016N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T007016N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen parameters are unable to inform on the function or fertilizing capacity of the male gamete. Standardized methods are provided by the WHO but, the lower reference limits have reduced sensitivity to predict chances of conception. Subfertile men may be falsely classified as \u201cnormal\u201d and a male factor contributing to genome instability may be overlooked. Semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF), sperm chromatin maturity and stability, and sperm aneuploidy were assessed in fertile (F), subfertile normozoospermic (SN) and subfertile non-normozoospermic males (SN-N). Standardized assays employing flow cytometry were used to detect genome instability. Sperm DNA fragmentation did not differ significantly whether the semen samples were from a fertile (F), subfertile normozoospermic (SN) or subfertile non-normozoospermic male (SN-N). Chromatin decondensation was significantly reduced and hyperstability significantly increased in the SN group as compared to the F group. The frequency of diploidy was significantly different in the three study groups with significance between F and SN and between F and SN-N groups. Subfertile men with normal semen parameters are often excluded from extensive genetic testing. Genome instability might be an independent attribute of semen quality detecting problems not seen with semen analysis alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T02:10:32Z","timestamp":1673921432000},"page":"239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Semen Thresholds of Normality Established by the WHO Do Not Reveal Genome Instability\u2014A Potential Occult Male Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usha","family":"Punjabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse","family":"Goovaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"De Neubourg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718941","article-title":"The Male Is Significantly Implicated as the Cause of Unexplained Infertility","volume":"38","author":"Aitken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. 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