{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T08:04:29Z","timestamp":1770710669919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-2-093\/N\/0\/O"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-2-093\/N\/0\/O"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic tonsillitis is a problem related to bacterial and viral infections. Ficolins play a key role in the defence against various pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the associations between the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FCN2 gene and chronic tonsillitis in the Polish population. The study included 101 patients with chronic tonsillitis and 101 healthy individuals. The selected SNPs of FCN2 (rs3124953, rs17514136 and rs3124954) were genotyped using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA). The analysis of rs17514136 and rs3124953 showed no significant differences in genotype frequencies between the chronic tonsillitis patients and controls (p &gt; 0.01). The CT genotype of rs3124954 was significantly more frequent, while the CC genotype was less frequent in chronic tonsillitis patients (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). The frequency of the A\/G\/T haplotype (rs17514136\/rs3124953\/rs3124954) was significantly more common in chronic tonsillitis patients (p = 0.0011). Moreover, the FCN2 CT genotype of rs3124954 was associated with a higher risk of chronic tonsillitis, while the CC genotype of rs3124954 decreased this risk. Our findings demonstrate that FCN2 rs3124954 may be associated with chronic tonsillitis in the Polish adult population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T01:57:57Z","timestamp":1674007077000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Selected SNPs of FCN2 Associated with Chronic Tonsillitis in the Polish Adult Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Ga\u017adzicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0042-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Go\u0142\u0105bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9110-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Hudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Mi\u015bkiewicz-Orczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 10 C Sk\u0142odowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zi\u0119ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 10 C Sk\u0142odowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Tynior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8832-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Asman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Misio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 10 C Sk\u0142odowskiej Str., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-5685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Katarzyna","family":"Strzelczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 Jordana Str., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjorl.2021.04.003","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the palatine tonsils, adenoids, and lingual tonsils","volume":"7","author":"Arambula","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S162486","article-title":"Chronic tonsillitis and biofilms: A brief overview of treatment modalities","volume":"11","author":"McKimm","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Anderson, J., and Paterek, E. (2022, September 26). Tonsillitis, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544342\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112003003","article-title":"A review on the mechanism of sore throat in tonsillitis","volume":"12","author":"Bathala","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"CD001802","article-title":"Tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic\/recurrent acute tonsillitis","volume":"2014","author":"Burton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"622","article-title":"Recurrent tonsillitis in adults: Quality of life after tonsillectomy","volume":"107","author":"Senska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000242419","article-title":"The genetics of ficolins","volume":"2","author":"Garred","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.10.006","article-title":"Comparative study of the human ficolins reveals unique features of Ficolin-3 (Hakata antigen)","volume":"45","author":"Hummelshoj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205072","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3205072","article-title":"Ficolins and the Recognition of Pathogenic Microorganisms: An Overview of the Innate Immune Response and Contribution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms","volume":"2019","author":"Bidula","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-014-3421-2","article-title":"Ficolins and infectious diseases","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi173","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene determine serum variation and function of Ficolin-2","volume":"14","author":"Hummelshoj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03471.x","article-title":"Extremes of L-ficolin concentration in children with recurrent infections are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene","volume":"150","author":"Cedzynski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.04.011","article-title":"The relationship between FCN2 genotypes and serum ficolin-2 (L-ficolin) protein concentrations from a large cohort of neonates","volume":"74","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12129","article-title":"Ficolin Gene Polymorphisms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"80","author":"Addobbati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis396","article-title":"Ficolin-2 levels and FCN2 genetic polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor in schistosomiasis","volume":"206","author":"Ouf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luz, P.R., Boldt, A.B., Grisbach, C., Kun, J.F., Velavan, T.P., and Messias-Reason, I.J. (2013). Association of L-ficolin levels and FCN2 genotypes with chronic Chagas disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060237"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-4-5-284","article-title":"Functional intronic polymorphisms: Buried treasure awaiting discovery within our genes","volume":"4","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022, January 01). Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/SNP\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl268","article-title":"SNPStats: A web tool for the analysis of association studies","volume":"22","author":"Valls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01915.x","article-title":"The impact of FCN2 polymorphisms and haplotypes on the Ficolin-2 serum levels","volume":"65","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojurongbe, O., Ouf, E.A., Van Tong, H., Toan, N.L., Song le, H., Luz, P.R., Messias-Reason, I.J., Nurjadi, D., Zanger, P., and Kun, J.F. (2012). Reliable and rapid characterization of functional FCN2 gene variants reveals diverse geographical patterns. BMC Med. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-13-37"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2008.01.003","article-title":"Functional SNPs in the human ficolin (FCN) genes reveal distinct geographical patterns","volume":"45","author":"Madsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.05.017","article-title":"FCN2 c.772G>T polymorphism is associated with chronic adenoiditis and\/or tonsillitis, but not -4 A>G and -602 G>A","volume":"87","author":"Erkan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000455054","article-title":"The Lack of Association between FCN2 Gene Promoter Region Polymorphisms and Dental Caries in Polish Children","volume":"51","author":"Olszowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.04.013","article-title":"Functional polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene are not associated with invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"44","author":"Chapman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03844.x","article-title":"Exploring the role of polymorphisms in ficolin genes in respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"155","author":"Ruskamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2006.05.010","article-title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms of Ficolin 2 gene in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.029","article-title":"Association of FCN2 polymorphisms and Ficolin-2 levels with dengue fever in Vietnamese patients","volume":"95","author":"Giang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, T.V., Toan, N.L., Song le, H., Ouf, E.A., Bock, C.T., Kremsner, P.G., Kun, J.F., and Velavan, T.P. (2011). Ficolin-2 levels and FCN2 haplotypes influence hepatitis B infection outcome in Vietnamese patients. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028113"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D.D., Wang, C., Jiang, F., Wei, L.L., Shi, L.Y., Yu, X.M., Liu, C.M., Liu, X.H., Feng, X.M., and Ping, Z.P. (2015). Association of the FCN2 Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Pulmonary Tuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138356"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1445-3","article-title":"Ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 in women with malignant and benign ovarian tumours","volume":"62","author":"Szala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67516-2","article-title":"Associations of ficolins and mannose-binding lectin with acute myeloid leukaemia in adults","volume":"10","author":"Gajek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad.2018.80999","article-title":"Association of ficolin-2 (FCN2) functional polymorphisms and protein levels with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Relationship with cardiac function","volume":"3","author":"Elshamaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci. Atheroscler. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.04.006","article-title":"MBL2 and FCN2 gene polymorphisms in a cohort of Italian children with rheumatic fever: A case-control study","volume":"47","author":"Marzetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2020.100968","article-title":"Association of FCN2 gene rs3124954 and STAT4 gene rs7582694 polymorphisms with juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis in a sample of Egyptian children","volume":"21","author":"Ashmawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slouka, D., \u010cejkov\u00e1, \u0160., Han\u00e1kov\u00e1, J., Hraba\u010dka, P., Kormunda, S., Kalfe\u0159t, D., Sk\u00e1lov\u00e1, A., \u0160im\u00e1nek, V., and Kucera, R. (2021). Risk of Postoperative Bleeding in Tonsillectomy for Peritonsillar Abscess, as Opposed to in Recurrent and Chronic Tonsillitis\u2014A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041946"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ESCMID Sore Throat Guideline Group, Pelucchi, C., Grigoryan, L., Galeone, C., Esposito, S., Huovinen, P., Little, P., and Verheij, T. (2012). Guideline for the management of acute sore throat. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 18, 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03766.x"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.04.011","article-title":"Sex differences in the incidence and severity of respiratory tract infections","volume":"101","author":"Falagas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698121","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.698121","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism and Gender in Infectious Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Gay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/2\/242\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:08:35Z","timestamp":1760119715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/2\/242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14020242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14020242","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]}}}