{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:48:17Z","timestamp":1788828497656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qingyou Liu","award":["U20A2051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2051"]}]},{"name":"Qingyou Liu","award":["31860638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860638"]}]},{"name":"Qingyou Liu","award":["AA22068099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA22068099"]}]},{"name":"Qingyou Liu","award":["X220991UZ230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X220991UZ230"]}]},{"name":"Qingyou Liu","award":["2022KCXTD028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022KCXTD028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Camel milk is known for its exceptional medical uses. It has been used since ancient times to treat infant diarrhea, hepatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), lactose intolerance, alcohol-induced liver damage, allergies, and autism. It has the power to treat several diseases, with cancer being the most significant. This study investigated the evolutionary relationship, physiochemical characteristics, and comparative genomic analysis of the casein gene family (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3) in Camelus ferus. Molecular phylogenetics showing the camelid species clustered casein nucleotide sequences into four groups: CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. The casein proteins from camels were evaluated and found to be unstable, thermostable, and hydrophilic. CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 were acidic, but CSN1S1 was basic. CSN1S1 showed positive selection for one amino acid (Q), CSN1S2 and CSN2 for three (T, K, Q), and CSN3 showed no positive selection. We also compared high-milk-output species such as cattle (Bos Tarus) and low-milk-yield species such as sheep (Ovies Aries) with camels (Camel ferus) and discovered that YY1 sites are more frequent in sheep than in camels and very low in cattle. We concluded that the ratio of YY1 sites in these species may affect milk production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1674098212000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Casein Gene Family in Camelus ferus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2486-6215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakeela","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8973-8666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laiba","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Guangxi 535011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2526-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1949-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Sherazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dairy Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-7543(03)00114-9","article-title":"Multispecies Comparative Analysis of a Mammalian-Specific Genomic Domain Encoding Secretory Proteins","volume":"82","author":"Rijnkels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0464(02)00506-3","article-title":"Comparative Genomics Approaches to Study Organism Similarities and Differences","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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