{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T21:15:22Z","timestamp":1770844522925,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic sex-determination features male (XX\/XY) or female heterogamety (ZZ\/ZW). To identify similarities and differences in the molecular evolution of sex-linked genes between these systems, we directly compared the sex chromosome systems existing in the frog Glandirana rugosa. The heteromorphic X\/Y and Z\/W sex chromosomes were derived from chromosomes 7 (2n = 26). RNA-Seq, de novo assembly, and BLASTP analyses identified 766 sex-linked genes. These genes were classified into three different clusters (XW\/YZ, XY\/ZW, and XZ\/YW) based on sequence identities between the chromosomes, probably reflecting each step of the sex chromosome evolutionary history. The nucleotide substitution per site was significantly higher in the Y- and Z-genes than in the X- and W- genes, indicating male-driven mutation. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates was higher in the X- and W-genes than in the Y- and Z-genes, with a female bias. Allelic expression in gonad, brain, and muscle was significantly higher in the Y- and W-genes than in the X- and Z-genes, favoring heterogametic sex. The same set of sex-linked genes showed parallel evolution across the two distinct systems. In contrast, the unique genomic region of the sex chromosomes demonstrated a difference between the two systems, with even and extremely high expression ratios of W\/Z and Y\/X, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:16:52Z","timestamp":1674098212000},"page":"257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Parallel Evolution of Sex-Linked Genes across XX\/XY and ZZ\/ZW Sex Chromosome Systems in the Frog Glandirana rugosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0783-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuuji","family":"Mawaribuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michihiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preservation and Research Center, City of Yokohama, 155-1 Asahi Ward, Yokohama 241-0804, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan"},{"name":"Hiroshima University Museum, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8524, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bull, J.J. 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