{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:35:31Z","timestamp":1790393731787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S.\u00a0NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMS-1924859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1924859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CSUSB","award":["DMS-1924859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMS-1924859"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sparse data with a high portion of zeros arise in various disciplines. Modeling sparse high-dimensional data is a challenging and growing research area. In this paper, we provide statistical methods and tools for analyzing sparse data in a fairly general and complex context. We utilize two real scientific applications as illustrations, including a longitudinal vaginal microbiome data and a high dimensional gene expression data. We recommend zero-inflated model selections and significance tests to identify the time intervals when the pregnant and non-pregnant groups of women are significantly different in terms of Lactobacillus species. We apply the same techniques to select the best 50 genes out of 2426 sparse gene expression data. The classification based on our selected genes achieves 100% prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the first four principal components based on the selected genes can explain as high as 83% of the model variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1675656487000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Variable Selection for Sparse Data with Applications to Vaginal Microbiome and Gene Expression Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Dousti Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani","family":"Aldirawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, California State University\u2014San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4310\/CIS.2018.v18.n3.a3","article-title":"A review on probabilistic models used in microbiome studies","volume":"18","author":"Metwally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Commun. 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