{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:01:17Z","timestamp":1791644477326,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["RO3 AG061460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO3 AG061460"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are conditions that affect the muscles of mastication and joints that connect the mandible to the base of the skull. Although TMJ disorders are associated with symptoms, the causes are not well proven. Chemokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of TMJ disease by promoting chemotaxis inflammatory cells to destroy the joint synovium, cartilage, subchondral bone, and other structures. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of chemokines is critical for developing appropriate treatment of TMJ. In this review, we discuss chemokines including MCP-1, MIP-1\u03b1, MIP-3a, RANTES, IL-8, SDF-1, and fractalkine that are known to be involved in TMJ diseases. In addition, we present novel findings that CCL2 is involved in \u03b2-catenin-mediated TMJ osteoarthritis (OA) and potential molecular targets for the development of effective therapies. The effects of common inflammatory factors, IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, on chemotaxis are also described. In conclusion, this review aims to provide a theoretical basis for future chemokine-targeted therapies for TMJ OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1675656487000},"page":"408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Chemokine Regulation in Temporomandibular Joint Disease: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2441-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusen","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215005, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Yuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis G.","family":"Mercuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jad","family":"Alkhudari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Pourzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-do","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S127950","article-title":"Management of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD): Challenges and solutions","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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