{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:48:37Z","timestamp":1791265717910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Adelaide"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Chronic periodontal disease (CP) is a multifactorial infectious and inflammatory disease that occurs due to the challenge between the immune response of the host and specific periodontal bacteria, and that can lead to tooth loss due to damage inflicted to the supporting tissue. The current study investigates the genotypes of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, along with the allelic frequency of the single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP; rs1695] in the GSTP1 gene and correlates them individually or in various combinations with the incidence of CP. Methods: A total of 203 clinically confirmed CP patients and 201 control subjects were enrolled from Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan Districts in Pakistan from April to July 2022. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system\u2013polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS\u2013PCR) approaches were applied to determine the genotypes of the studied GSTs. The association of rs1695 in GSTP1 with CP was studied both individually and in various combinations with GSTM1 and T1. Results: The absence of GSTM1, the presence of GSTT1 and the presence of the mutant allele (G) at rs1695 in GSTP1 were found to be significantly associated with CP. Patients aged between 10 and 30 years were more affected by CP. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the genotypes of the analyzed GSTs affect the levels of protection from oxidative stress and may therefore influence the disease progression in CP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1676001169000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of GSTTI, M1 and Polymorphism in GSTPI with Chronic Periodontal Disease in a Pakistani Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kainat","family":"Arshad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzma","family":"Ishfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atif","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehkashan Fatima","family":"Pitafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Registrar Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rehan","family":"Mulghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Registrar Medicine, Teaching Hospital, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzman","family":"Shaheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Dera Ghazi Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suleman","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4588-7472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahsan","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5932-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Henry","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-0152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furhan","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00452.x","article-title":"Periodontal health and global public health","volume":"60","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2010.00359.x","article-title":"Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: Introduction","volume":"53","author":"Armitage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-3382(12)70006-4","article-title":"State of the Science: Chronic Periodontitis and Systemic Health","volume":"12","author":"Pucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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