{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:52:37Z","timestamp":1760147557808,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heinsius-Houbolt foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to contribute to a better description of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of DFNA6\/14\/38 and aid in counseling future patients identified with this variant. Therefore, we describe the genotype and phenotype in a large Dutch\u2013German family (W21-1472) with autosomal dominant non-syndromic, low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL). Exome sequencing and targeted analysis of a hearing impairment gene panel were used to genetically screen the proband. Co-segregation of the identified variant with hearing loss was assessed by Sanger sequencing. The phenotypic evaluation consisted of anamnesis, clinical questionnaires, physical examination and examination of audiovestibular function. A novel likely pathogenic WFS1 variant (NM_006005.3:c.2512C&gt;T p.(Pro838Ser)) was identified in the proband and found to co-segregate with LFSNHL, characteristic of DFNA6\/14\/38, in this family. The self-reported age of onset of hearing loss (HL) ranged from congenital to 50 years of age. In the young subjects, HL was demonstrated in early childhood. At all ages, an LFSNHL (0.25\u20132 kHz) of about 50\u201360 decibel hearing level (dB HL) was observed. HL in the higher frequencies showed inter-individual variability. The dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) was completed by eight affected subjects and indicated a moderate handicap in two of them (aged 77 and 70). Vestibular examinations (n = 4) showed abnormalities, particularly in otolith function. In conclusion, we identified a novel WFS1 variant that co-segregates with DFNA6\/14\/38 in this family. We found indications of mild vestibular dysfunction, although it is uncertain whether this is related to the identified WFS1 variant or is an incidental finding. We would like to emphasize that conventional neonatal hearing screening programs are not sensitive to HL in DFNA6\/14\/38 patients, because high-frequency hearing thresholds are initially preserved. Therefore, we suggest screening newborns in DFNA6\/14\/38 families with more frequency-specific methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T04:07:19Z","timestamp":1676261239000},"page":"457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genotype and Phenotype Analyses of a Novel WFS1 Variant (c.2512C&gt;T p.(Pro838Ser)) Associated with DFNA6\/14\/38"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hedwig M.","family":"Velde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xanne J. J.","family":"Huizenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helger G.","family":"Yntema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lonneke","family":"Haer-Wigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"The Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-6113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy J.","family":"Beynon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Oostrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sjoert A. H.","family":"Pegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0841-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannie","family":"Kremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cris P.","family":"Lanting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5517-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald J. E.","family":"Pennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Van Camp, G., and Smith, R.J.H. (2021, December 17). Hereditary Hearing Loss Homepage. Available online: http:\/\/hereditaryhearingloss.org."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19572.x","article-title":"Genetic Epidemiology of Hearing Impairment","volume":"630","author":"Morton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. 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