{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:18:00Z","timestamp":1774451880457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disturbance with heterogeneous and not completely known etiology. Clinical and molecular appraisal of affected patients is mandatory for outcome amelioration. The current study aimed to understand the molecular bases underpinning TS in a vast cohort of pediatric patients with TS. Molecular analyses included array-CGH analyses. The primary goal was to define the neurobehavioral phenotype of patients with or without pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs). Moreover, we compared the CNVs with CNVs described in the literature in neuropsychiatric disorders, including TS, to describe an effective clinical and molecular characterization of patients for prognostic purposes and for correctly taking charge. Moreover, this study showed that rare deletions and duplications focusing attention on significant genes for neurodevelopment had a statistically higher occurrence in children with tics and additional comorbidities. In our cohort, we determined an incidence of potentially causative CNVs of about 12%, in line with other literature studies. Clearly, further studies are needed to delineate the genetic background of patients with tic disorders in a superior way to elucidate the complex genetic architecture of these disorders, to describe the outcome, and to identify new possible therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T02:28:27Z","timestamp":1676514507000},"page":"500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Copy Number Variations in Children with Tourette Syndrome: Systematic Investigation in a Clinical Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-6121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Saia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, 95124 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Saccuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Madia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6302-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8225-6880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Fichera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Rare Diseases and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatric Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Catania University, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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