{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T11:40:55Z","timestamp":1785584455459,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disability that impairs the social communication and interaction of affected individuals and leads to restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is genetically heterogeneous, with inheritable and de novo genetic variants in more than hundreds of genes contributing to the disease. However, these account for only around 20% of cases, while the molecular basis of the majority of cases remains unelucidated as of yet. Material and methods: Two unrelated Lebanese patients, a 7-year-old boy (patient A) and a 4-year-old boy (patient B), presenting with ASD were included in this study. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was carried out for these patients to identify the molecular cause of their diseases. Results: WES analysis revealed hemizygous variants in PCDH19 (NM_001184880.1) as being the candidate causative variants: p.Arg787Leu was detected in patient A and p.Asp1024Asn in patient B. PCDH19, located on chromosome X, encodes a membrane glycoprotein belonging to the protocadherin family. Heterozygous PCDH19 variants have been linked to epilepsy in females with mental retardation (EFMR), while mosaic PCDH19 mutations in males are responsible for treatment-resistant epilepsy presenting similarly to EFMR, with some reported cases of comorbid intellectual disability and autism. Interestingly, a hemizygous PCDH19 variant affecting the same amino acid that is altered in patient A was previously reported in a male patient with ASD. Conclusion: Here, we report hemizygous PCDH19 variants in two males with autism without epilepsy. Reporting further PCDH19 variants in male patients with ASD is important to assess the possible involvement of this gene in autism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T04:05:40Z","timestamp":1677470740000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["PCDH19 in Males: Are Hemizygous Variants Linked to Autism?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6257-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane","family":"Chouery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1190-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Makhlouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wassim","family":"Daoud Khatoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cybel","family":"Mehawej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Megarbane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon"},{"name":"Institut J\u00e9r\u00f4me Lejeune, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). 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