{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1785210571708,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (Italy)","award":["PSRN 2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSRN 2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (Italy)","award":["202206910011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206910011"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies (Italy)","award":["202206910015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206910015"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["PSRN 2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSRN 2014-2020"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["202206910011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206910011"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["202206910015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206910015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of the dwarf phenotype in chicken is based on body weight, height, and shank length, leaving the differentiation between dwarf and small breeds ambiguous. The aims of the present study were to characterize the sequence variations associated with the dwarf phenotype in three Italian chicken breeds and to investigate the genes associated with their phenotype. Five hundred and forty-one chickens from 23 local breeds (from 20 to 24 animals per breed) were sampled. All animals were genotyped with the 600 K chicken SNP array. Three breeds were described as \u201cdwarf\u201d, namely, Mericanel della Brianza (MERI), Mugellese (MUG), and Pepoi (PPP). We compared MERI, MUG, and PPP with the four heaviest breeds in the dataset by performing genome-wide association studies. Results showed significant SNPs associated with dwarfism in the MERI and MUG breeds, which shared a candidate genomic region on chromosome 1. Due to this similarity, MERI and MUG were analyzed together as a meta-population, observing significant SNPs in the LEMD3 and HMGA2 genes, which were previously reported as being responsible for dwarfism in different species. In conclusion, MERI and MUG breeds seem to share a genetic basis of dwarfism, which differentiates them from the small PPP breed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T02:27:25Z","timestamp":1677810445000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genomics of Dwarfism in Italian Local Chicken Breeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2235-3926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Perini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cendron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Sevane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Chengdu Campus, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Chengdu Campus, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2813-7872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2725-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Lasagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8709-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martino","family":"Cassandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"},{"name":"Federazione delle Associazioni Nazionali di Razza e Specie, 00187 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9984-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Penasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/35052563","article-title":"Genetic dissection of phenotypic diversity in farm animals","volume":"2","author":"Andersson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1203","article-title":"DNA markers reveal the complexity of livestock domestication","volume":"4","author":"Bruford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1294","article-title":"Domestic-animal genomics: Deciphering the genetics of complex traits","volume":"5","author":"Andersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.11.001","article-title":"Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock","volume":"93","author":"Boissy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeder, M.A. (2012). Pathways to Animal Domestication, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139019514.013"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.05.014","article-title":"Current insights into the molecular genetic basis of dwarfism in livestock","volume":"224","author":"Boegheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.11.1507","article-title":"An autosomal dwarfism in the domestic fowl","volume":"79","author":"Cole","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1420427","article-title":"Dysfunctional growth hormone receptor in a strain of sex-linked dwarf chicken: Evidence for a mutation in the intracellular domain","volume":"142","author":"Agarwal","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(92)90190-U","article-title":"Abnormal growth hormone receptor gene expression in the sex-linked dwarf chicken","volume":"88","author":"Burnside","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00193","article-title":"A Novel Loss-of-Function Variant in Transmembrane Protein 263 (TMEM263) of Autosomal Dwarfism in Chicken","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13183","article-title":"Heterogeneity of a dwarf phenotype in Dutch traditional chicken breeds revealed by genomic analyses","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0870-z","article-title":"Combined deletions of IHH and NHEJ1 cause chondrodystrophy and embryonic lethality in the Creeper chicken","volume":"3","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30172","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30172","article-title":"Deletion of Indian hedgehog gene causes dominant semi-lethal Creeper trait in chicken","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"382","article-title":"Breeding performance in the Italian chicken breed Mericanel della Brianza","volume":"9","author":"Cerolini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.09.013","article-title":"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the Italian bantam chicken breed Mericanel della Brianza","volume":"205","author":"Cozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102259","article-title":"Characterization of morphological, reproductive, and productive performances of Mugellese breed: An update of knowledge","volume":"102","author":"Mannelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzoni, A., Gariglio, M., Castillo, A., Soglia, D., Sartore, S., Buccioni, A., Mannelli, F., Cassandro, M., Cendron, F., and Castellini, C. (2021). Overview of Native Chicken Breeds in Italy: Small Scale Production and Marketing. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030629"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cendron, F., Perini, F., Mastrangelo, S., Tolone, M., Criscione, A., Bordonaro, S., Iaffaldano, N., Castellini, C., Marzoni, M., and Buccioni, A. (2020). Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals the Population Structure and the Conservation Status of 23 Italian Chicken Breeds. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081441"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15414\/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.137-143","article-title":"Morphological and genetic characterization of 13 Italian local chicken breeds","volume":"23","author":"Perini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Fytotech. Zootech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.035923","article-title":"A New Chicken Genome Assembly Provides Insight into Avian Genome Structure","volume":"7","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.C., Chow, C.C., Tellier, L.C., Vattikuti, S., Purcell, S.M., and Lee, J.J. (2015). Second-generation PLINK: Rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742-015-0047-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"821","article-title":"GEMMA User Manual V0.91","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695","article-title":"A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3","volume":"6","author":"Cingolani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fly"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth457","article-title":"Haploview: Analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps","volume":"21","author":"Barrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12759","article-title":"Molecular cloning of WIF 1 and HMGA 2 reveals ear-preferential expression while uncovering a missense mutation associated with porcine ear size in WIF 1","volume":"50","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112831","article-title":"HMGA2 contributes to vascular development and sprouting angiogenesis by promoting IGFBP2 production","volume":"408","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2008.03636.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic History, Pharmacological Features, and Signal Transduction of Neurotensin Receptors in Vertebrates","volume":"1163","author":"Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113331","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22970","article-title":"MAEL contributes to gastric cancer progression by promoting ILKAP degradation","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"139","article-title":"ILDR2 Is a Novel B7-like Protein That Negatively Regulates T Cell Responses","volume":"176","author":"Hecht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2015.109","article-title":"The oncogene ERG: A key factor in prostate cancer","volume":"35","author":"Adamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799648","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.799648","article-title":"The Role of FGF19 and MALRD1 in Enterohepatic Bile Acid Signaling","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.054957","article-title":"Identification of Calcitonin Expression in the Chicken Ovary: Influence of Follicular Maturation and Ovarian Steroids1","volume":"77","author":"Maddineni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108330","article-title":"USH2A-retinopathy: From genetics to therapeutics","volume":"201","author":"Toualbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.11.021","article-title":"PDE10A Inhibition Reduces the Manifestation of Pathology in DMD Zebrafish and Represses the Genetic Modifier PITPNA","volume":"29","author":"Lambert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23373","article-title":"Inactivation of AMMECR1 is associated with growth, bone, and heart alterations","volume":"39","author":"Giannuzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4475","article-title":"ENPEP as a potential predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_417.x","article-title":"Mutational analysis of the CASP6 gene in colorectal and gastric carcinomas","volume":"114","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.04.014","article-title":"Differential expression of six genes and correlation with fatness traits in a unique broiler population","volume":"24","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.07.014","article-title":"Effective stimulation of growth in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by inhibition of syntaxin18 by external guide sequence and ribonuclease P","volume":"272","author":"Bassett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, M.J., Rho, S.B., Kim, K., Oh, M., Son, C., Song, S.Y., and Park, K. (2020). Homeoprotein Msx1-PIASy Interaction Inhibits Angiogenesis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9081854"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2012.07.007","article-title":"RNA interference of Marlin-1\/Jakmip1 results in abnormal morphogenesis and migration of cortical pyramidal neurons","volume":"51","author":"Vidal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, S.G., Peset, I., Joseph, N., Cavazza, T., Vernos, I., Pfuhl, M., Gergely, F., and Bayliss, R. (2015). Aurora-A-Dependent Control of TACC3 Influences the Rate of Mitotic Spindle Assembly. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005345"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22816","article-title":"Microdeletions of ELP4 Are Associated with Language Impairment, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Mental Retardation","volume":"36","author":"Addis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-002-0736-0","article-title":"Mutations in the alternatively spliced exons of USH1C cause non-syndromic recessive deafness","volume":"111","author":"Ouyang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27901","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.683698","article-title":"Retinal Degeneration Slow (RDS) Glycosylation Plays a Role in Cone Function and in the Regulation of RDS\u00b7ROM-1 Protein Complex Formation","volume":"290","author":"Stuck","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2021.07.009","article-title":"Altered regulation of DPF3, a member of the SWI\/SNF complexes, underlies the 14q24 renal cancer susceptibility locus","volume":"108","author":"Colli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Protein Profiling of RGS6, a Pleiotropic Gene Implicated in Numerous Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Reveals Multi-Isoformic Expression and a Novel Brain-Specific Isoform","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01970-7","article-title":"Circular RNA SIPA1L1 regulates osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla via miR-204-5p\/ALPL pathway","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbaexp.2005.01.010","article-title":"The mammalian gene pecanex 1 is differentially expressed during spermatogenesis","volume":"1728","author":"Geisinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.052365.115","article-title":"FASTKD2 is an RNA-binding protein required for mitochondrial RNA processing and translation","volume":"21","author":"Popow","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20191005","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191005","article-title":"PRDM16 suppresses HIF-targeted gene expression in kidney cancer","volume":"217","author":"Kundu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881571","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.881571","article-title":"Cc2d1b Contributes to the Regulation of Developmental Myelination in the Central Nervous System","volume":"15","author":"Acheta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2011.07.002","article-title":"Distribution of PDE8A in the nervous system of the Sprague-Dawley rat","volume":"42","author":"Kruse","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, M., Peng, X., Zhou, M., Luo, C., Nie, Q., and Zhang, X. (2008). Polymorphisms of the IGF1R gene and their genetic effects on chicken early growth and carcass traits. BMC Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-9-70"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.015","article-title":"Teneurin-2 (TENM2) deficiency induces UCP1 expression in differentiating human fat cells","volume":"443","author":"Tews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-06056-7","article-title":"Rrn3 gene knockout affects ethanol-induced locomotion in adult heterozygous zebrafish","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-S2-S10","article-title":"The value of avian genomics to the conservation of wildlife","volume":"10","author":"Romanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.07.030","article-title":"A New Variant in the MYH11 Gene in a Familial Case of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"109","author":"Pucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562434","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.562434","article-title":"Systematic Prioritization of Candidate Genes in Disease Loci Identifies TRAFD1 as a Master Regulator of IFN\u03b3 Signaling in Celiac Disease","volume":"11","author":"Zorro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200234","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200234","article-title":"AMPA receptor auxiliary subunits emerged during early vertebrate evolution by neo\/subfunctionalization of unrelated proteins: Evolution AMPAR Auxiliary Subunits","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2014.01.002","article-title":"Characterization of glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor (GLP2R) gene in chickens: Functional analysis, tissue distribution, and developmental expression profile of GLP2R in embryonic intestine","volume":"48","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4806","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718546115","article-title":"STXBP4 regulates APC\/C-mediated p63 turnover and drives squamous cell carcinogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Rokudai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201900405","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.201900405","article-title":"HELZ directly interacts with CCR4\u2013NOT and causes decay of bound mRNAs","volume":"2","author":"Hanet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101251","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018101251","article-title":"Binding of IFT22 to the intraflagellar transport complex is essential for flagellum assembly","volume":"38","author":"Wachter","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24709-1","article-title":"SNX19 restricts endolysosome motility through contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"12","author":"Saric","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S., Manjula, P., Kim, M., Cho, E., Lee, D., Lee, S., Lee, J., and Seo, D. (2021). Comparison of Selection Signatures between Korean Native and Commercial Chickens Using 600K SNP Array Data. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12060824"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2012-100778","article-title":"A novel defect of peroxisome division due to a homozygous non-sense mutation in the PEX11\u03b2 gene","volume":"49","author":"Ebberink","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.116.196667","article-title":"Dwarfism and Altered Craniofacial Development in Rabbits Is Caused by a 12.1 kb Deletion at the HMGA2 Locus","volume":"205","author":"Carneiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Pascal, T. (1905). Le razze della gallina domestica. Casa Editrice Nazionale, Roux e Viarengo."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.10.023","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis reveals the patterns of genetic diversity and population structure of 8 Italian local chicken breeds","volume":"100","author":"Cendron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, W., Lim, W., Ahn, S.E., Lim, C.-H., Lee, J.-Y., Bae, S.-M., Kim, J., Bazer, F.W., and Song, G. (2013). Recrudescence Mechanisms and Gene Expression Profile of the Reproductive Tracts from Chickens during the Molting Period. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076784"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.103980","article-title":"Identification of QTL and loci for egg production traits to tropical climate conditions in chickens","volume":"234","author":"Lien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.471408","article-title":"Regulation of muscle development by DPF3, a novel histone acetylation and methylation reader of the BAF chromatin remodeling complex","volume":"22","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35610","article-title":"12q14 microdeletion associated with HMGA2 gene disruption and growth restriction","volume":"158A","author":"Alyaqoub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09373-w","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of canids reveals genomic regions under selection and variants influencing morphology","volume":"10","author":"Plassais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2012.10.019","article-title":"An HMGA2-IGF2BP2 Axis Regulates Myoblast Proliferation and Myogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2009.03.001","article-title":"The 12q14 microdeletion syndrome: Additional patients and further evidence that HMGA2 is an important genetic determinant for human height","volume":"52","author":"Buysse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2004.09.013","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): 1. Chronic Exposure","volume":"139","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol.-B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Liang, J., Luo, W., Liu, X., Yan, H., Zhao, K., Shi, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., and Wang, L. (2014). Genome-Wide Scan Reveals LEMD3 and WIF1 on SSC5 as the Candidates for Porcine Ear Size. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102085"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranis, A., Gheyas, A., Boschiero, C., Turner, F., Yu, L., Smith, S., Talbot, R., Pirani, A., Brew, F., and Kaiser, P. (2013). Development of a high density 600K SNP genotyping array for chicken. BMC Genom., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-59"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/3\/633\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:46:41Z","timestamp":1760122001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/3\/633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14030633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14030633","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]}}}