{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T11:12:24Z","timestamp":1788174744264,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"US National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIJ 2020-DQ-BX-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ 2020-DQ-BX-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simple propositions are defined as those with one POI and the remaining contributors unknown under Hp and all unknown contributors under Ha. Conditional propositions are defined as those with one POI, one or more assumed contributors, and the remaining contributors (if any) unknown under Hp, and the assumed contributor(s) and N unknown contributors under Ha. In this study, compound propositions are those with multiple POI and the remaining contributors unknown under Hp and all unknown contributors under Ha. We study the performance of these three proposition sets on thirty-two samples (two laboratories \u00d7 four NOCs \u00d7 four mixtures) consisting of four mixtures, each with N = 2, N = 3, N = 4, and N = 5 contributors using the probabilistic genotyping software, STRmix\u2122. In this study, it was found that conditional propositions have a much higher ability to differentiate true from false donors than simple propositions. Compound propositions can misstate the weight of evidence given the propositions strongly in either direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T05:53:44Z","timestamp":1678859624000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Investigation into Compound Likelihood Ratios for Forensic DNA Mixtures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Wivell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Private Bag 92012, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Private Bag 92012, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Kokoszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 1 Forensic Drive, Mobile, AL 36617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jace","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 1 Forensic Drive, Mobile, AL 36617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washoe County Sherriff\u2019s Office, Forensic Science Division, 911 Parr Blvd, Reno, NV 89512, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Buckleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Private Bag 92012, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Anne","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Private Bag 92012, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2012.06.002","article-title":"DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: Recommendations on the evaluation of STR typing results that may include drop-out and\/or drop-in using probabilistic methods","volume":"6","author":"Gill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1355-0306(98)72117-3","article-title":"A hierarchy of propositions: Deciding which level to address in casework","volume":"38","author":"Cook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2018.07.003","article-title":"DNA commission of the International society for forensic genetics: Assessing the value of forensic biological evidence\u2014Guidelines highlighting the importance of propositions: Part I: Evaluation of DNA profiling comparisons given (sub-) source propositions","volume":"36","author":"Biedermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.02.007","article-title":"Helping formulate propositions in forensic DNA analysis","volume":"54","author":"Buckleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.04.001","article-title":"On the use of the likelihood ratio for forensic evaluation: Response to Fenton et al","volume":"54","author":"Biedermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Justice"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110251","article-title":"A review of likelihood ratios in forensic science based on a critique of Stiffelman \u201cNo longer the Gold standard: Probabilistic genotyping is changing the nature of DNA evidence in criminal trials\u201d","volume":"310","author":"Buckleton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102406","article-title":"When evaluating DNA evidence within a likelihood ratio framework, should the propositions be exhaustive?","volume":"50","author":"Buckleton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"AAFS Standards Board (2023, February 08). ASB Draft Standard 041: Assigning Propositions for Likelihood Ratios in Forensic DNA Interpretations. Available online: https:\/\/www.aafs.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/041_Std_Ballot02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duke, K., Cuenca, D., Myers, S., and Wallin, J. (2022). Compound and Conditioned Likelihood Ratio Behavior within a Probabilistic Genotyping Context. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112031"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15020","article-title":"Exploring likelihood ratios assigned for siblings of the true mixture contributor as an alternate contributor","volume":"67","author":"Kelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bright, J.A., and Coble, M. (2019). Forensic DNA Profiling: A Practical Guide to Assigning Likelihood Ratios, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429001017"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2016.05.007","article-title":"Developmental validation of STRmix\u2122, expert software for the interpretation of forensic DNA profiles","volume":"23","author":"Bright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2013.05.011","article-title":"The interpretation of single source and mixed DNA profiles","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102592","article-title":"The comparison of DNA mixture profiles with multiple persons of interest","volume":"56","author":"Slooten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2014.03.008","article-title":"Using continuous DNA interpretation methods to revisit likelihood ratio behaviour","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Genet."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/3\/714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:55:00Z","timestamp":1760122500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/3\/714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14030714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14030714","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]}}}