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Using a modified version of the Brazilian questionnaire of the 2013 National Health Survey, we interviewed 604 Mennonites of Frisian\/Flemish origin that have been isolated for 25 generations. A subgroup of 576 participants were screened for IgA autoantibodies in serum, and 391 participants were screened for HLA-DQ2.5\/DQ8 subtypes. CD seroprevalence was 1:29 (3.48%, 95% CI = 2.16\u20135.27%) and biopsy-confirmed CD was 1:75 (1.32%, 95% CI = 0.57\u20132.59%), which is superior to the highest reported global prevalence (1:100). Half (10\/21) of the patients did not suspect the disease. HLA-DQ2.5\/DQ8 increased CD susceptibility (OR = 12.13 [95% CI = 1.56\u201394.20], p = 0.003). The HLA-DQ2.5 carrier frequency was higher in Mennonites than in Brazilians (p = 7 \u00d7 10\u22126). HLA-DQ8 but not HLA-DQ2.5 carrier frequency differed among settlements (p = 0.007) and was higher than in Belgians, a Mennonite ancestral population (p = 1.8 \u00d7 10\u22126), and higher than in Euro-Brazilians (p = 6.5 \u00d7 10\u22126). The glutathione pathway, which prevents reactive oxygen species-causing bowel damage, was altered within the metabolic profiles of untreated CD patients. Those with lower serological positivity clustered with controls presenting close relatives with CD or rheumatoid arthritis. In conclusion, Mennonites have a high CD prevalence with a strong genetic component and altered glutathione metabolism that calls for urgent action to alleviate the burden of comorbidities due to late diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14051026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:02:31Z","timestamp":1682942551000},"page":"1026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Second Highest Prevalence of Celiac Disease Worldwide: Genetic and Metabolic Insights in Southern Brazilian Mennonites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6639-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana Caroline","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Centro Polit\u00e9cnico, Jardim das Am\u00e9ricas, Curitiba 81531-990, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Centro Polit\u00e9cnico, Jardim das Am\u00e9ricas, Curitiba 81531-990, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Coelho","family":"Dornelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Centro Polit\u00e9cnico, Jardim das Am\u00e9ricas, Curitiba 81531-990, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Mitsunori","family":"Nisihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 181 Pr\u00e9dio Central, 11\u00b0 Andar, Alto da Gl\u00f3ria, Curitiba 80060-240, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estevan Rafael Dutra","family":"Bruginski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Bioscience and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 (UFPR), Av. 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