{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T19:48:22Z","timestamp":1769975302562,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2023), Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (Italy)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by SPINK5 mutations, resulting in a deficiency in its processed protein LEKTI. It is clinically characterized by the triad of congenital ichthyosis, atopic diathesis, and hair shaft abnormalities. The SPINK5 (NM_006846.4): c.1258A&gt;G polymorphism (rs2303067) shows a significant association with atopy and atopic dermatitis (AD), which share several clinical features with NS. We describe an NS patient, initially misdiagnosed with severe AD, who carried the heterozygous frameshift (null) mutation (NM_006846.4): c.957_960dup combined with homozygous rs2303067 in the SPINK5 gene. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis, whereas an immunohistochemical study showed normal epidermal expression of LEKTI, despite the genetic findings. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency of SPINK5, in the presence of a SPINK5 null heterozygous mutation in combination with homozygous SPINK5 rs2303067 polymorphism, can be causative of an NS phenotype, impairing the function of LEKTI despite its normal expression. Due to the clinical overlap between NS and AD, we suggest performing SPINK5 genetic testing to search for the SPINK5 (NM_006846.4): c.1258A&gt;G polymorphism (rs2303067) and ensure a correct diagnosis, mainly in doubtful cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14051080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1684139296000},"page":"1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Netherton Syndrome Caused by Heterozygous Frameshift Mutation Combined with Homozygous c.1258A&gt;G Polymorphism in SPINK5 Gene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0060-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Moltrasio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7015-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Romagnuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Colavito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Innovation S.R.L. (R&I Genetics), 35127 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Tadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-4301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Brena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02637.x","article-title":"Netherton syndrome: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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