{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:01:30Z","timestamp":1792202490190,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat genotypes should be improved through available germplasm genetic diversity to ensure food security. This study investigated the molecular diversity and population structure of a set of T\u00fcrkiye bread wheat genotypes using 120 microsatellite markers. Based on the results, 651 polymorphic alleles were evaluated to determine genetic diversity and population structure. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 19, with an average of 5.44 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.031 to 0.915 with a mean of 0.43. In addition, the gene diversity index ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 with an average of 0.46. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.359 with a mean of 0.124. The unbiased expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.319 with an average of 0.112. The mean values of the number of effective alleles (Ne), genetic diversity of Nei (H) and Shannon\u2019s information index (I) were estimated at 1.190, 1.049 and 0.168, respectively. The highest genetic diversity (GD) was estimated between genotypes G1 and G27. In the UPGMA dendrogram, the 63 genotypes were grouped into three clusters. The three main coordinates were able to explain 12.64, 6.38 and 4.90% of genetic diversity, respectively. AMOVA revealed diversity within populations at 78% and between populations at 22%. The current populations were found to be highly structured. Model-based cluster analyses classified the 63 genotypes studied into three subpopulations. The values of F-statistic (Fst) for the identified subpopulations were 0.253, 0.330 and 0.244, respectively. In addition, the expected values of heterozygosity (He) for these sub-populations were recorded as 0.45, 0.46 and 0.44, respectively. Therefore, SSR markers can be useful not only in genetic diversity and association analysis of wheat but also in its germplasm for various agronomic traits or mechanisms of tolerance to environmental stresses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14061182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in T\u00fcrkiye Bread Wheat Genotypes Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2611-8034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aras","family":"T\u00fcrko\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42310 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4014-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Halilo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyed Abolgahasem","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3993-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Bolouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcller","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Bocianowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-5327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Pour-Aboughadareh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31585-854, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Jamshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Security and Public Health, Khabat Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-009-1153-8","article-title":"Analysis of diversity and linkage disequilibrium along chromosome 3B of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"119","author":"Horvath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1139\/g88-115","article-title":"Apparent sources of the A genomes of wheats inferred from polymorphism in abundance and restriction fragment length of repeated nucleotide sequences","volume":"30","author":"Dvorak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genome"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11650","article-title":"Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing","volume":"491","author":"Brenchley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular marker assisted breeding and genome composition analysis of Zhengmai 7698, an elite winter wheat cultivar","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.12802","article-title":"Molecular breeding technologies and strategies for rust resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum) for sustained food security","volume":"67","author":"Savadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, N.H., Backes, G., Stougaard, J., Andersen, S.U., and Jahoor, A. (2014). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of European hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094000"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-017-0492-1","article-title":"Characterization of some bread wheat genotypes using molecular markers for drought tolerance","volume":"24","author":"Terzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nations, U. (2019). World Population Prospects\u2014Population Division, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12757","article-title":"High-density genotyping of the AE Watkins Collection of hexaploid landraces identifies a large molecular diversity compared to elite bread wheat","volume":"16","author":"Winfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plv083","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of wheat in India and Turkey","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"AoB Plants"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3390\/d6040665","article-title":"Genotyping-by-sequencing for plant genetic diversity analysis: A lab guide for SNP genotyping","volume":"6","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05132-8","article-title":"Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure in wheat using array based SNP markers","volume":"47","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1400116","article-title":"Back to the wilds: Tapping evolutionary adaptations for resilient crops through systematic hybridization with crop wild relatives","volume":"101","author":"Warschefsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJB"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2008.03.0125","article-title":"Genome-wide reduction of genetic diversity in wheat breeding","volume":"49","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm077","article-title":"Grinding up wheat: A massive loss of nucleotide diversity since domestication","volume":"24","author":"Haudry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-002-0959-4","article-title":"Ganal M: Assessing genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm using microsatellite markers","volume":"105","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0523.2004.00956.x","article-title":"Genetic diversity of hexaploid wheat cultivars estimated by RAPD markers, morphological traits and coefficients of parentage","volume":"123","author":"Kozumplik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572007000300016","article-title":"Association between genetic distances in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as estimated by AFLP and morphological markers","volume":"30","author":"Vieira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"69","article-title":"Genetic diversity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers","volume":"6","author":"Nazarzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"36","article-title":"Genetic diversity among Egyptian wheat cultivars using SCoT and ISSR markers","volume":"50","author":"Hewedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"SABRAO J. Breed Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"6739","article-title":"Deciphering the genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish bread wheat germplasm using iPBS-retrotransposons markers","volume":"48","author":"Nadeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2019.1672815","article-title":"Morphological variability and genetic diversity of wheat genotypes grown on saline soil and identification of new promising molecular markers associated with salinity tolerance","volume":"14","author":"Elshafei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Interact."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-013-2065-1","article-title":"Population structure, genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in elite winter wheat assessed with SNP and SSR markers","volume":"126","author":"Langer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e20066","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of resistance to PstS2 and Warrior races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe rust) in bread wheat landraces","volume":"14","author":"Tehseen","year":"2021","journal-title":"TPG"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Genome wide association study for stripe rust resistance in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"104","author":"Gataa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPPY"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"413","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Ethiopian durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) landrace collections as reveled by SSR markers","volume":"7","author":"Asmamaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3906\/tar-1502-135","article-title":"Diversity analysis of genetic, agronomic, and quality characteristics of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in Turkey","volume":"40","author":"Erayman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-012-9557-6","article-title":"Genetic diversity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) revealed by SSR markers","volume":"51","author":"Uncuoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00076","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of F3: 6 Nebraska winter wheat genotypes using genotyping-by-sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Eltaher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/15427528.2020.1818342","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of bread wheat genotypes determined via phenotypic and SSR marker analyses under drought-stress conditions","volume":"35","author":"Belete","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crop Improv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003910819967","article-title":"The development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and plant breeding with emphasis on bread wheat","volume":"113","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-008-9210-6","article-title":"Analysis of gene-derived SNP marker polymorphism in US wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars","volume":"23","author":"Chao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32224","article-title":"Genome-wide characterization of microsatellites in Triticeae species: Abundance, distribution and evolution","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh073","article-title":"Microsatellites within genes: Structure, function, and evolution","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-07720-7","article-title":"SSR-based genome-wide association study in turkish durum wheat germplasms revealed novel QTL of accumulated platinum","volume":"49","author":"Alsaleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halilo\u011flu, K., T\u00fcrko\u011flu, A., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, A., Niedba\u0142a, G., Niazian, M., Wojciechowski, T., and Piekutowska, M. (2023). Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Bread Wheat Germplasm from T\u00fcrkiye Using iPBS-Retrotransposons-Based Markers. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13010255"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"222","article-title":"A modified genomic DNA extraction method from leaves of sunflower for PCR based analyzes","volume":"7","author":"Zeinalzadehtabrizi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biodivers Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3906\/tar-2001-10","article-title":"DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity analysis of world quinoa germplasm usingiPBS-retrotransposon marker system","volume":"44","author":"Barut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zkan, G., Halilo\u011flu, K., T\u00fcrko\u011flu, A., \u00d6zturk, H.I., Elkoca, E., and Poczai, P. (2022). Determining genetic diversity and population structure of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from T\u00fcrkiye using SSR markers. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081410"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haliloglu, K., Turkoglu, A., Tan, M., and Poczai, P. (2022). SSR-Based Molecular Identification and Population Structure Analysis for Forage Pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense L.) Landraces. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061086"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti282","article-title":"PowerMarker: An integrated analysis environment for genetic marker analysis","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"295","article-title":"POPGENE, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Yeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. Cent. Univ. Alta. Can."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x","article-title":"GENALEX 6: Genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research","volume":"6","author":"Peakall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1086\/302959","article-title":"Association mapping in structured populations","volume":"67","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJHG"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-011-9548-7","article-title":"Structure harvester: A website and program for visualizing structure output and implementing the Evanno method","volume":"4","author":"Earl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Conserv. Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"16","article-title":"Plant genetic resources management: Collection, characterization, conservation and utilization","volume":"6","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-016-9729-x","article-title":"Genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","volume":"54","author":"Tascioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baloch, F.S., Alsaleh, A., Shahid, M.Q., \u00c7ift\u00e7i, V., E S\u00e1enz de Miera, L., Aasim, M., Nadeem, M.A., Akta\u015f, H., \u00d6zkan, H., and Hatipo\u011flu, R. (2017). A whole genome DArTseq and SNP analysis for genetic diversity assessment in durum wheat from central fertile crescent. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167821"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/134.3.909","article-title":"Comparative diversity analysis of RFLPs and isozymes within and among populations of Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s42976-021-00166-w","article-title":"Exploration of wheat wild relative diversity from Lahaul valley: A cold arid desert of Indian Himalayas","volume":"50","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-007-9222-x","article-title":"Simple sequence repeat analyses of interspecific hybrids and MAALs of Oryza officinalis and Oryza sativa","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohi-Ud-Din, M., Hossain, M.A., Rohman, M.M., Uddin, M.N., Haque, M.S., Dessoky, E.S., Alqurashi, M., and Aloufi, S. (2022). Assessment of genetic diversity of bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance using canopy reflectance-based phenotyping and SSR marker-based genotyping. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14169818"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Poczai, P., Etminan, A., Jadidi, O., Kianersi, F., and Shooshtari, L. (2022). An analysis of genetic variability and population structure in wheat germplasm using microsatellite and gene-based markers. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11091205"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"37","article-title":"Assessment of genetic diversity of wheat genotypes using microsatellite markers","volume":"114","author":"Buerstmayr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Period. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"28","article-title":"Assessing genetic diversity of promising wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines using microsatellite markers linked with salinity tolerance","volume":"1","author":"Nakhoda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plant Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-017-1887-3","article-title":"Genetic diversity and association mapping of agronomic yield traits in eighty six synthetic hexaploid wheat","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic diversity among Bulgarian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties during the period 1925\u20132003 using microsatellites","volume":"53","author":"Landjeva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genet"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479262115000684","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in Iranian wheat landraces using SSR markers","volume":"15","author":"Abbasabad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Genet. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.5958\/0975-6906.2014.00877.3","article-title":"Analysis of genetic diversity among the Indian bread wheat cultivars using microsatellite (SSR) markers","volume":"74","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Genet. Plant Breed"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Min, D., Yasir, T.A., and Hu, Y.-G. (2012). Genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium in elite Chinese winter wheat investigated with SSR markers. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044510"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tehseen, M.M., Istipliler, D., Kehel, Z., Sansaloni, C.P., da Silva Lopes, M., Kurtulus, E., Muazzam, S., and Nazari, K. (2021). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Triticum aestivum L. landrace panel from Afghanistan. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12030340"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2021.1996274","article-title":"Genetic diversity and population structure of bread wheat varieties grown in Bulgaria based on microsatellite and phenotypic analyses","volume":"35","author":"Tsonev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"155","article-title":"Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship of turkish wild and cultivated emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) revealed by iPBSretrotransposons markers","volume":"21","author":"Arystanbekkyzy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-9016-2015-0054","article-title":"Bendaou. N.; Udupa, S.M. Genetic diversity reduction in improved durum wheat cultivars of Morocco as revealed by microsatellite markers","volume":"73","author":"Henkrar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Agric."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"6135460","article-title":"The prevalence of depression among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Teshome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.09.004","article-title":"Genetic analysis of citron (Citrus medica L.) using simple sequence repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms","volume":"195","author":"Ramadugu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, C., Wang, L., Ge, H., Dong, Y., and Zhang, X. (2011). Genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in Chinese bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) revealed by SSR markers. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017279"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4229621","article-title":"Molecular and elemental characterization of selected Turkish durum wheat varieties","volume":"42","author":"Hakki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"640","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Emmer wheats using iPBS markers","volume":"20","author":"Demirel","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJOSAT"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.2008.00273.x","article-title":"Genetic diversity in a collection of old and new bread wheat cultivars from Iran as revealed by simple sequence repeat-based analysis","volume":"154","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.24.110193.001245","article-title":"Population genetic consequences of small population size: Implications for plant conservation","volume":"24","author":"Ellstrand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"153","article-title":"What is the maximum efficiency with which photosynthesis can convert solar energy into biomass?","volume":"19","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"COBIOT"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-011-1621-9","article-title":"Analysis of genetic structure in a panel of elite wheat varieties and relevance for association mapping","volume":"123","author":"Faure","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/6\/1182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:44:16Z","timestamp":1760125456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/6\/1182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14061182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14061182","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]}}}