{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:41:14Z","timestamp":1792176074544,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan","award":["17-78-30028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-78-30028"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan","award":["075-15-2021-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-595"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan","award":["007-030164\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-030164\/2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17-78-30028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-78-30028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2021-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["007-030164\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-030164\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["17-78-30028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-78-30028"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-595"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation","award":["007-030164\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-030164\/2"]}]},{"name":"Program of Bioresource Collections of the FASO of Russia","award":["17-78-30028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17-78-30028"]}]},{"name":"Program of Bioresource Collections of the FASO of Russia","award":["075-15-2021-595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-595"]}]},{"name":"Program of Bioresource Collections of the FASO of Russia","award":["007-030164\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["007-030164\/2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The risk of depression could be evaluated through its multifactorial nature using the polygenic score (PGS) approach. Assuming a \u201cclinical continuum\u201d hypothesis of mental diseases, a preliminary assessment of individuals with elevated risk for developing depression in a non-clinical group is of high relevance. In turn, epidemiological studies suggest including social\/lifestyle factors together with PGS to address the \u201cmissing heritability\u201d problem. We designed regression models, which included PGS using 27 SNPs and social\/lifestyle factors to explain individual differences in depression levels in high-education students from the Volga\u2013Ural region (VUR) of Eurasia. Since issues related to population stratification in PGS scores may lead to imprecise variant effect estimates, we aimed to examine a sensitivity of PGS calculated on summary statistics of depression and neuroticism GWAS from Western Europeans to assess individual proneness to depression levels in the examined sample of Eastern Europeans. A depression score was assessed using the revised version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in 1065 young adults (age 18\u201325 years, 79% women, Eastern European ancestry). The models based on weighted PGS demonstrated higher sensitivity to evaluate depression level in the full dataset, explaining up to 2.4% of the variance (p = 3.42 \u00d7 10\u22127); the addition of social parameters enhanced the strength of the model (adjusted r2 = 15%, p &lt; 2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216). A higher effect was observed in models based on weighted PGS in the women group, explaining up to 3.9% (p = 6.03 \u00d7 10\u22129) of variance in depression level assuming a combined SNPs effect and 17% (p &lt; 2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216)\u2014with the addition of social factors in the model. We failed to estimate BDI-measured depression based on summary statistics from Western Europeans GWAS of clinical depression. Although regression models based on PGS from neuroticism (depression-related trait) GWAS in Europeans were associated with a depression level in our sample (adjusted r2 = 0.43%, p = 0.019\u2014for unweighted model), the effect was mainly attributed to the inclusion of social\/lifestyle factors as predictors in these models (adjusted r2 = 15%, p &lt; 2.2 \u00d7 10\u221216\u2014for unweighted model). In conclusion, constructed PGS models contribute to a proportion of interindividual variability in BDI-measured depression in high-education students, especially women, from the VUR of Eurasia. External factors, including the specificity of rearing in childhood, used as predictors, improve the predictive ability of these models. Implementation of ethnicity-specific effect estimates in such modeling is important for individual risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14071355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:25:21Z","timestamp":1687911921000},"page":"1355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Combined Effect of Polygenic Scores and Environmental Factors on Individual Differences in Depression Level"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3744-8058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya","family":"Kazantseva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics\u2014Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genomics, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450076 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3508-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Davydova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics\u2014Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genomics, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450076 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Enikeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics\u2014Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genomics, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450076 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-382X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rustam","family":"Mustafin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Malykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education, 125009 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0318-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Lobaskova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9802-5297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kanapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genomics, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450076 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1624-7457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Prokopenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"},{"name":"People-Centred Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2987-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza","family":"Khusnutdinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics\u2014Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurocognitive Genomics, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 450076 Ufa, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 125009 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamran, M., Bibi, F., Ur Rehman, A., and Morris, D.W. 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