{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:26:48Z","timestamp":1784932008707,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and has long been known to be heritable; however, the specific genetic factors involved have yet to be identified. Recent advances have started to unravel the genetic architecture of this disease and set high expectations about the future use of novel susceptibility variants for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In the past decade, there has been major progress in this area. New tools, like common variant association studies, genome-wide association studies, meta-analyses, and genetic risk scores, allow a better understanding of the genetic risk factors driving CAD. In recent years, researchers have conducted further studies that confirmed the role of numerous genetic factors in the development of CAD. These include genes that affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, regulate the function of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscles, influence the coagulation system, or affect the immune system. Many CAD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, although many of their functions are largely unknown. The inflammatory process that occurs in the coronary vessels is very important in the development of CAD. One important mediator of inflammation is TGF\u03b21. TGF\u03b21 plays an important role in the processes leading to CAD, such as by stimulating macrophage and fibroblast chemotaxis, as well as increasing extracellular matrix synthesis. This review discusses the genetic risk factors related to the development of CAD, with a particular focus on polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF\u03b2) gene and its receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14071425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:40:02Z","timestamp":1689039602000},"page":"1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Genetic Risk Factors Related to Coronary Artery Disease and Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Polymorphisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-9627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Malinowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Bochniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Luterek-Puszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Puszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Regional Specialist Hospital in Szczecin, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bonow, R.O., Mann, D.L., Zipes, D.P., and Libby, P. 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