{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:19:29Z","timestamp":1789510769568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic immune thrombocytopenia (CITP) is an autoimmune disease whose underlying biologic mechanisms remain elusive. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) derive from ancestral infections and constitute about 8% of our genome. A wealth of clinical and experimental studies highlights their pivotal pathogenetic role in autoimmune diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as those modulated by TRIM28 and SETDB1, are involved in HERV activation and regulation of immune response. We assessed, through a polymerase chain reaction real-time Taqman amplification assay, the transcription levels of pol genes of HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W; env genes of Syncytin (SYN)1, SYN2, and HERV-W; as well as TRIM28 and SETDB1 in whole blood from 34 children with CITP and age-matched healthy controls (HC). The transcriptional levels of all HERV sequences, with the exception of HERV-W-env, were significantly enhanced in children with CITP as compared to HC. Patients on eltrombopag treatment exhibited lower expression of SYN1, SYN2, and HERV-W-env as compared to untreated patients. The mRNA concentrations of TRIM28 and SETDB1 were significantly higher and were positively correlated with those of HERVs in CITP patients. The over-expressions of HERVs and TRIM28\/SETDB1 and their positive correlations in patients with CITP are suggestive clues of their contribution to the pathogenesis of the disease and support innovative interventions to inhibit HERV and TRIM28\/SETDB1 expressions in patients unresponsive to standard therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14081569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1690881280000},"page":"1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Children with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenia Exhibit High Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses TRIM28 and SETDB1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Pier-Angelo","family":"Tovo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Parodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Largo Filippo Turati 62, 10128 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gambarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5395-2740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Licciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Branca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Ramenghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospitalno, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-162503","article-title":"Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: Report from an international working group","volume":"113","author":"Rodeghiero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21616","article-title":"The incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults: A critical review of published reports","volume":"85","author":"Terrell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. 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