{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:19:30Z","timestamp":1792804770539,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4ts-Frauenklinik des Saarlandes","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02dqsp291","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoking has been linked to male infertility by affecting the sperm epigenome and genome. In this study, we aimed to determine possible changes in the transcript levels of PGAM5 (the phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5), PTPRN2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, N2-type receptor), and TYRO3 (tyrosine protein kinase receptor) in heavy smokers compared to non-smokers, and to investigate their association with the fundamental sperm parameters. In total, 118 sperm samples (63 heavy-smokers (G1) and 55 non-smokers (G2)) were included in this study. A semen analysis was performed according to the WHO guidelines. After a total RNA extraction, RT-PCR was used to quantify the transcript levels of the studied genes. In G1, a significant decrease in the standard semen parameters in comparison to the non-smokers was shown (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, PGAM5 and PTPRN2 were differentially expressed (p \u2264 0.03 and p \u2264 0.01, respectively) and downregulated in the spermatozoa of G1 compared to G2. In contrast, no difference was observed for TYRO3 (p \u2264 0.3). In G1, the mRNA expression level of the studied genes was correlated negatively with motility, sperm count, normal form, vitality, and sperm membrane integrity (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, smoking may affect gene expression and male fertility by altering the DNA methylation patterns in the genes associated with fertility and sperm quality, including PGAM5, PTPRN2, and TYRO3.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14081617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1692008414000},"page":"1617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Impact of Heavy Smoking on Male Infertility and Its Correlation with the Expression Levels of the PTPRN2 and PGAM5 Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Houda","family":"Amor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Clinic, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaser","family":"Alkhaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Clinic, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-3626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riffat","family":"Bibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Eid","family":"Hammadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Clinic, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Michael","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Saarland University Clinic, 66424 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","article-title":"A Unique View on Male Infertility around the Globe","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. 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