{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:56Z","timestamp":1787028236105,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reproductive homeobox on the X chromosome (RHOX) genes were first identified in the mouse during the 1990s and have a crucial role in reproduction. In various transcription factors with a key regulatory role, the homeobox sequence encodes a \u201chomeodomain\u201d DNA-binding motif. In the mouse, there are three clusters of Rhox genes (\u03b1, \u03b2, and \u03b3) on the X chromosome. Each cluster shows temporal and\/or quantitative collinearity, which regulates the progression of the embryonic development process. Although the RHOX family is conserved in mammals, the interspecies differences in the number of RHOX genes and pseudogenes testifies to a rich evolutionary history with several relatively recent events. In the mouse, Rhox genes are mainly expressed in reproductive tissues, and several have a role in the differentiation of primordial germ cells (Rhox1, Rhox6, and Rhox10) and in spermatogenesis (Rhox1, Rhox8, and Rhox13). Despite the lack of detailed data on human RHOX, these genes appear to be involved in the formation of germ cells because they are predominantly expressed during the early (RHOXF1) and late (RHOXF2\/F2B) stages of germ cell development. Furthermore, the few variants identified to date are thought to induce or predispose to impaired spermatogenesis and severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia. In the future, research on the pathophysiology of the human RHOX genes is likely to confirm the essential role of this family in the reproductive process and might help us to better understand the various causes of infertility and characterize the associated human phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T08:25:33Z","timestamp":1692951933000},"page":"1685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mammal Reproductive Homeobox (Rhox) Genes: An Update of Their Involvement in Reproduction and Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Morgane","family":"Le Beulze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe RHuMA, UMR-BREED, UFR Simone Veil Sant\u00e9, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay (UVSQ), INRAE, BREED, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Daubech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe RHuMA, UMR-BREED, UFR Simone Veil Sant\u00e9, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay (UVSQ), INRAE, BREED, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissatu","family":"Balde-Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe RHuMA, UMR-BREED, UFR Simone Veil Sant\u00e9, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay (UVSQ), INRAE, BREED, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Ghieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe RHuMA, UMR-BREED, UFR Simone Veil Sant\u00e9, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay (UVSQ), INRAE, BREED, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Vialard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equipe RHuMA, UMR-BREED, UFR Simone Veil Sant\u00e9, F-78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines\u2014Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay (UVSQ), INRAE, BREED, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, CHI de Poissy St. Germain en Laye, F-78300 Poissy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32667-2","article-title":"Male infertility","volume":"397","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"185","article-title":"Expression analysis of genes encoding TEX11, TEX12, TEX14 and TEX15 in testis tissues of men with non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"22","author":"Boroujeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. 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