{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:12:26Z","timestamp":1783033946433,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202201AS070309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AS070309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202102AE090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AE090005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province","award":["32160715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160715"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province","award":["202201AS070309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AS070309"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province","award":["202102AE090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AE090005"]}]},{"name":"Research and Integrated Applications of Key Technology in Standardized Production of Facility Vegetables","award":["32160715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160715"]}]},{"name":"Research and Integrated Applications of Key Technology in Standardized Production of Facility Vegetables","award":["202201AS070309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AS070309"]}]},{"name":"Research and Integrated Applications of Key Technology in Standardized Production of Facility Vegetables","award":["202102AE090005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102AE090005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An in-house tomato inbred line, YNAU335, was planted in a greenhouse in spring from 2014 to 2017, and showed immunity to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). YNAU335 was infected with TSWV in the spring from 2018 to 2020, and disease was observed on the leaves, sepals, and fruits. In 2021 and 2022, YNAU335 was planted in spring in the same greenhouse, which was suspected of being infected with TSWV, and visible disease symptoms were observed on the fruits. Transmission electron microscopy, deep sequencing of small RNAs, and molecular mutation diagnosis were used to analyze the pathological features and genetic polymorphism of TSWV infecting tomato fruit. Typical TSWV virions were observed in the infected fruits, but not leaves from YNAU335 grown between 2021 and 2022, and cross-infection was very rarely observed. The number of mitochondria and chloroplasts increased, but the damage to the mitochondria was greater than that seen in the chloroplasts. Small RNA deep sequencing revealed the presence of multiple viral species in TSWV-infected and non-infected tomato samples grown between 2014\u20132022. Many virus species, including TSWV, which accounted for the largest proportion, were detected in the TSWV-infected tomato leaves and fruit. However, a variety of viruses other than TSWV were also detected in the non-infected tissues. The amino acids of TSWV nucleocapsid proteins (NPs) and movement proteins (MPs) from diseased fruits of YNAU335 picked in 2021\u20132022 were found to be very diverse. Compared with previously identified NPs and MPs from TSWV isolates, those found in this study could be divided into three types: non-resistance-breaking, resistance-breaking, and other isolates. The number of positive clones and a comparison with previously identified amino acid mutations suggested that mutation F at AA118 of the MP (GenBank OL310707) is likely the key to breaking the resistance to TSWV, and this mutation developed only in the infected fruit of YNAU335 grown in 2021 and 2022.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T04:38:48Z","timestamp":1694493528000},"page":"1788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pathological Features and Genetic Polymorphism Analysis of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Infected Tomato Fruit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Junheng","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunrong","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caiqian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00752.x","article-title":"Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology","volume":"12","author":"Scholthof","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05156-1","article-title":"Changes to virus taxonomy and to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","volume":"166","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.NT.07.2015.0138","article-title":"Identification of Leonurus sibiricus as a Weed Reservoir for Three Pepper-Infecting Viruses","volume":"32","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"304","article-title":"First report of tomato spotted wilt virus infecting pepper in ecuador","volume":"99","author":"Sivaprasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"117","article-title":"Viral diseases causing the greatest economic losses to the tomato crop. I. The Tomato spotted wilt virus\u2014A review","volume":"67","author":"Nuez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00039301","article-title":"Evaluation of seven Lycopersicon species for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)","volume":"80","author":"Stevens","year":"1994","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-92-5-0694","article-title":"Screening Two Lycopersicon peruvianum Collections for Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus","volume":"92","author":"Gordillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1071\/BI9530153","article-title":"Inheritance of Spotted Wilt Resistance in the Tomato II. Five Genes Controlling Spotted Wilt Resistance in Four Tomato Types","volume":"6","author":"Finlay","year":"1953","journal-title":"Aust. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004089504051","article-title":"Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) resistance in tomato derived from Lycopersicon chilense Dun. LA 1938","volume":"117","author":"Canady","year":"2001","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.7235\/hort.2015.15025","article-title":"Development of a Single-nucleotide Polymorphism Marker for the Sw-5b Gene Conferring Disease Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus in Tomato","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Hortic. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00025356","article-title":"Inheritance of a gene for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"1991","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00023478","article-title":"Genetic basis of resistance against two Tospovirus species in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)","volume":"71","author":"Boiteux","year":"1993","journal-title":"Euphytica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00221989","article-title":"Mapping the Sw-5 locus for tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in tomatoes using RAPD and RFLP analyses","volume":"90","author":"Stevens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00224047","article-title":"Identification and mapping on chromosome 9 of RAPD markers linked to Sw-5 in tomato by bulked segregant analysis","volume":"92","author":"Chague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11032-009-9313-8","article-title":"Development of a locus-specific, co-dominant SCAR marker for assisted-selection of the Sw-5 (Tospovirus resistance) gene cluster in a wide range of tomato accessions","volume":"25","author":"Dianese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011363119763","article-title":"The tomato gene Sw5 is a member of the coiled coil, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat class of plant resistance genes and confers resistance to TSWV in tobacco","volume":"7","author":"Spassova","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Breed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(70)90345-4","article-title":"An electron microscope study of the distribution of tomato spotted wilt virus in systemically infected Datura stramonium leaves","volume":"42","author":"Francki","year":"1970","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"428","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates occurring in South Africa","volume":"3","author":"Sivparsad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.2288-2297.1999","article-title":"Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Particle Morphogenesis in Plant Cells","volume":"73","author":"Kikkert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.03.024","article-title":"Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: A generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses","volume":"388","author":"Kreuze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Braun, T., Reuter, J., and Rudolph, J. (2016, January 5\u20138). Position Observation for Proportional Solenoid Valves by Signal Injection. Proceedings of the 7th IFAC Symposium on Mechatronic Systems (MECHATRONICS) Loughborough Univ, Leicestershire, ENGLAND, Ifac PapersOnLine 2016, Leicestershire, UK."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12202","article-title":"Deep sequencing reveals a novel closterovirus associated with wild rose leaf rosette disease","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2020.1845985","article-title":"Characterization of viruses and viroids in Vitis vinifera \u2018Kyoho\u2019 in Hangzhou China by small RNA deep sequencing and molecular detection","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02392.x","article-title":"The molecular population genetics of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) genome","volume":"14","author":"Tsompana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1998.tb05838.x","article-title":"Selection of resistance breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus","volume":"133","author":"Latham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI.2001.14.2.242","article-title":"Overcoming Host- and Pathogen-Mediated Resistance in Tomato and Tobacco Maps to the M RNA of Tomato spotted wilt virus","volume":"14","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3059.2003.00829.x","article-title":"The occurrence in north-east Spain of a variant of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) that breaks resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) containing the Sw-5 gene","volume":"52","author":"Aramburu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"342","article-title":"Characterization of Tomato spotted wilt virus isolates that overcome the Sw-5 resistance gene in tomato and fitness assays","volume":"49","author":"Aramburu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.026708-0","article-title":"Evolutionary analysis of tomato Sw-5 resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus","volume":"92","author":"Aramburu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., Deng, M., Li, Z., Zhu, H., Wang, Z., Yue, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Jiang, S., and Zhao, W. Integrative analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome reveals the response mechanism to tomato spotted wilt virus. Hortic. Plant J., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2022.12.008"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Variation analysis of nucleocapsid protein and movement protein of tomato spotted wilt virus around Kunming area, Yunnan province","volume":"39","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Boreali-Occident. Sin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01972","article-title":"Preparation of Clathrin-Coated Vesicles From Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings","volume":"9","author":"Mosesso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.238899","article-title":"Maintenance of Chloroplast Structure and Function by Overexpression of the Rice Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase Gene Leads to Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Tobacco","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2020.01.004","article-title":"Comparative Transcriptome Analysis between Cytoplasmic Male-sterile Line and Its Maintainer During the Floral Bud Development of Pepper","volume":"6","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1259.2014.00704","article-title":"Cytopathological Characterization of Tobacco on Co-infection with Tomato zonate spot virus and Potato virus Y","volume":"49","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Bull. Bot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-96-1263","article-title":"Synergistic Interaction Between Tomato chlorosis virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus Results in Breakdown of Resistance in Tomato","volume":"96","author":"Resende","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bag, S., Mitter, N., Eid, S., and Pappu, H.R. (2012). Complementation between Two Tospoviruses Facilitates the Systemic Movement of a Plant Virus Silencing Suppressor in an Otherwise Restrictive Host. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044803"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.1998.82.6.610","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Peanut Plants Dually Infected with Peanut Mottle Virus","volume":"82","author":"Hoffmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"155","article-title":"The cybopathology of Cymbidium faberi infected by both Tomato spotted wilt virus and Tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Southw. China J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-015-0482-1","article-title":"A severe symptom phenotype in pepper cultivars carrying the Tsw resistance gene is caused by a mixed infection between resistance-breaking and non-resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus","volume":"43","author":"Aramburu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01419","article-title":"Co-infection of Sweet Orange with Severe and Mild Strains of Citrus tristeza virus Is Overwhelmingly Dominated by the Severe Strain on Both the Transcriptional and Biological Levels","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/9\/1788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:49:20Z","timestamp":1760129360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/9\/1788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14091788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14091788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]}}}