{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:26:14Z","timestamp":1791523574550,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["22K15397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K15397"]}]},{"name":"The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI","award":["23H02691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23H02691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission and fusion processes, are essential for heart health. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells, maintain their integrity through continuous cycles of biogenesis, fission, fusion, and degradation. Mitochondria are relatively immobile in the adult heart, but their morphological changes due to mitochondrial morphology factors are critical for cellular functions such as energy production, organelle integrity, and stress response. Mitochondrial fusion proteins, particularly Mfn1\/2 and Opa1, play multiple roles beyond their pro-fusion effects, such as endoplasmic reticulum tethering, mitophagy, cristae remodeling, and apoptosis regulation. On the other hand, the fission process, regulated by proteins such as Drp1, Fis1, Mff and MiD49\/51, is essential to eliminate damaged mitochondria via mitophagy and to ensure proper cell division. In the cardiac system, dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics has been shown to cause cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemia\/reperfusion injury, and various cardiac diseases, including metabolic and inherited cardiomyopathies. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction associated with oxidative stress has been implicated in atherosclerosis, hypertension and pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, understanding and regulating mitochondrial dynamics is a promising therapeutic tool in cardiac diseases. This review summarizes the role of mitochondrial morphology in heart diseases for each mitochondrial morphology regulatory gene, and their potential as therapeutic targets to heart diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14101876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T03:04:18Z","timestamp":1695783858000},"page":"1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Heart Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8829-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tokuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Yanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Tokyo 171-0031, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1658508","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Suen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601963","article-title":"Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy","volume":"27","author":"Twig","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03510-6","article-title":"Distinct fission signatures predict mitochondrial degradation or biogenesis","volume":"593","author":"Kleele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03309-5","article-title":"Actin cables and comet tails organize mitochondrial networks in mitosis","volume":"591","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107326","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020107326","article-title":"The last wall of defense to prevent extreme and deleterious mitochondrial fusion","volume":"39","author":"Tabara","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20555","article-title":"Multiple dynamin family members collaborate to drive mitochondrial division","volume":"540","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1296-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial fission requires DRP1 but not dynamins","volume":"570","author":"Fonseca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03214-x","article-title":"Function and regulation of the divisome for mitochondrial fission","volume":"590","author":"Kraus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07543-w","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein 1 has membrane constricting and severing abilities sufficient for mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission","volume":"9","author":"Kamerkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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