{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:04:13Z","timestamp":1780499053583,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AR079679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AR079679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Thomas J. Coogan, Chair of Immunology Endowment (LA)","award":["R21AR079679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AR079679"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are characterized as injuries and illnesses that affect the musculoskeletal system. MSDs affect every population worldwide and are associated with substantial global burden. Variations in the makeup of the gut microbiota may be related to chronic MSDs. There is growing interest in exploring potential connections between chronic MSDs and variations in the composition of gut microbiota. The human microbiota is a complex community consisting of viruses, archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, both inside and outside of the human body. These microorganisms play crucial roles in influencing human physiology, impacting metabolic and immunological systems in health and disease. Different body areas host specific types of microorganisms, with facultative anaerobes dominating the gastrointestinal tract (able to thrive with or without oxygen), while strict aerobes prevail in the nasal cavity, respiratory tract, and skin surfaces (requiring oxygen for development). Together with the immune system, these bacteria have coevolved throughout time, forming complex biological relationships. Changes in the microbial ecology of the gut may have a big impact on health and can help illnesses develop. These changes are frequently impacted by lifestyle choices and underlying medical disorders. The potential for safety, expenses, and efficacy of microbiota-based medicines, even with occasional delivery, has attracted interest. They are, therefore, a desirable candidate for treating MSDs that are chronic and that may have variable progression patterns. As such, the following is a narrative review to address the role of the human microbiome as it relates to MSDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14101937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1697294322000},"page":"1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Human Microbiome and Its Role in Musculoskeletal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Khaled","family":"Aboushaala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5911-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold Y. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Nicolas","family":"Barajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Al-Harthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4690-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B.","family":"Forsyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-do","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0444-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila J.","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M. K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Twin Research, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard S.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7473-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dino","family":"Samartzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"},{"name":"International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","article-title":"Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans","volume":"164","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521291113","article-title":"Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity","volume":"113","author":"Locey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2017.01.008","article-title":"The Human Microbiota in Health and Disease","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.44","article-title":"Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host\u2019s metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0191-8","article-title":"The ancestral and industrialized gut microbiota and implications for human health","volume":"17","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9358","article-title":"Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome","volume":"352","author":"Blaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau8816","article-title":"Preserving microbial diversity","volume":"362","author":"Bello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.08.001","article-title":"The intestinal microbiome in human disease and how it relates to arthritis and spondyloarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Costello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.037","article-title":"Conducting a microbiome study","volume":"158","author":"Goodrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2014.00209","article-title":"An introduction to the analysis of shotgun metagenomic data","volume":"5","author":"Sharpton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilv017","article-title":"Analyses of Intestinal Microbiota: Culture versus Sequencing","volume":"56","author":"Hiergeist","year":"2015","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.07.026","article-title":"The human microbiome in rheumatic autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"170","author":"Coit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39259","article-title":"Microbiome in Inflammatory Arthritis and Human Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"68","author":"Scher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3875-3","article-title":"Human microbiome, infections, and rheumatic disease","volume":"36","author":"Caminer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez302","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations associated with reduced bone mineral density in older adults","volume":"58","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12805","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri reduces bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial","volume":"284","author":"Nilsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3450","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3450","article-title":"Diversity analysis of gut microbiota in osteoporosis and osteopenia patients","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Xie, Z., Sun, J., Huang, S., Chen, Y., Li, C., Sun, X., Xia, B., Tian, L., and Guo, C. (2020). Gut Microbiome Reveals Specific Dysbiosis in Primary Osteoporosis. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00160"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12784","article-title":"Understanding the gut microbiota and sarcopenia: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-012-0146-4","article-title":"Green-lipped mussel extract (Perna canaliculus) and glucosamine sulphate in patients with knee osteoarthritis: Therapeutic efficacy and effects on gastrointestinal microbiota profiles","volume":"21","author":"Coulson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-790X2009000400010","article-title":"Preval\u00eancia de dor musculoesquel\u00e9tica em professores","volume":"12","author":"Cardoso","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. De Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10108","article-title":"Characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"22","author":"Cardoneanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06164-1","article-title":"Bacteria: Back pain, leg pain and Modic sign-a surgical multicentre comparative study","volume":"28","author":"Fritzell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-4972-3","article-title":"ISSLS PRIZE IN CLINICAL SCIENCE 2017: Is infection the possible initiator of disc disease? An insight from proteomic analysis","volume":"26","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06446-z","article-title":"Human intervertebral discs harbour a unique microbiome and dysbiosis determines health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2019.04.023","article-title":"Inflammaging determines health and disease in lumbar discs-evidence from differing proteomic signatures of healthy, aging, and degenerating discs","volume":"20","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.03.013","article-title":"Degenerate-disc infection study with contaminant control (DISC): A multicenter prospective case-control trial","volume":"20","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10452","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10452","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome Is Altered in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis and Osteopenia","volume":"5","author":"Rettedal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01202","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202","article-title":"Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Scher","year":"2013","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.06.010","article-title":"The microbial metagenome and bone tissue composition in mice with microbiome-induced reductions in bone strength","volume":"127","author":"Guss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000851","article-title":"Disruption of the Gut Microbiome Increases the Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Mice","volume":"477","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86062","article-title":"Sex steroid deficiency-associated bone loss is microbiota dependent and prevented by probiotics","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1588","article-title":"The gut microbiota regulates bone mass in mice","volume":"27","author":"Engdahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701644","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.701644","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei S16 Alleviates Lumbar Disc Herniation by Modulating Inflammation Response and Gut Microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607235113","article-title":"Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0960","article-title":"Microbiota- and Radiotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Side-Effects (MARS) Study: A Large Pilot Study of the Microbiome in Acute and Late-Radiation Enteropathy","volume":"25","author":"Andreyev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109","article-title":"The NIH Human Microbiome Project","volume":"19","author":"Peterson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18850","article-title":"Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease","volume":"535","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4517","article-title":"Current understanding of the human microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Gilbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voreades, N., Kozil, A., and Weir, T.L. (2014). Diet and the development of the human intestinal microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00494"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"560","article-title":"Gut bacteria in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Quigley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"19","article-title":"Challenges set by the microbiota","volume":"211","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Aujourdhui"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis: From bowel to behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09199","article-title":"Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers","volume":"466","author":"Reyes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303184","article-title":"Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: A multi-omic approach","volume":"62","author":"Gosalbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.008","article-title":"Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0219-z","article-title":"Author Correction: Regional variation limits applications of healthy gut microbiome reference ranges and disease models","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0160-1","article-title":"Depicting the composition of gut microbiota in a population with varied ethnic origins but shared geography","volume":"24","author":"Deschasaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0259","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: The role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases","volume":"2","author":"Fasano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127059","article-title":"Escherichia coli induces DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells","volume":"313","author":"Homburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615606898","article-title":"Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy: Is It All About Diet?","volume":"30","author":"Serban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129194","article-title":"The gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Dabke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallianou, N., Christodoulatos, G.S., Karampela, I., Tsilingiris, D., Magkos, F., Stratigou, T., Kounatidis, D., and Dalamaga, M. (2021). Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12010056"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528114666160128150747","article-title":"Microbiome Regulation of Autoimmune, Gut and Liver Associated Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia, C., Lucchino, B., Tarsitano, M.G., Iannuccelli, C., and Di Franco, M. (2020). Dietary Habits and Nutrition in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Can. Diet. Influence Disease Development and Clinical Manifestations?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051456"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.08.008","article-title":"The Dynamics of the Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis in Relation to Disease","volume":"36","author":"Mowry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317836","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiome in autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"69","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40359","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Perturbations in Reactive Arthritis and Postinfectious Spondyloarthritis","volume":"70","author":"Manasson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1222449","article-title":"Is there a role for gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis?","volume":"49","author":"Dore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens2040606","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiome and musculoskeletal diseases: A beneficial role for probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"2","author":"Vitetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2901-1","article-title":"Implication of gut microbiota metabolites in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","volume":"75","author":"Brial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.011","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation","volume":"17","author":"Bennett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kho, Z.Y., and Lal, S.K. (2018). The Human Gut Microbiome\u2014A Potential Controller of Wellness and Disease. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01835"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1174","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00015.2003","article-title":"Regulation of adherens junctions and epithelial paracellular permeability: A novel function for polyamines","volume":"285","author":"Guo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1159","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00407.2004","article-title":"Polyamines are necessary for synthesis and stability of occludin protein in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"288","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2009.10.001","article-title":"Influence of breast milk polyamines on suckling rat immune system maturation","volume":"34","author":"Castellote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.011","article-title":"Metabolism links bacterial biofilms and colon carcinogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223813","article-title":"Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions","volume":"336","author":"Nicholson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerner, A., Neidh\u00f6fer, S., and Matthias, T. (2017). The Gut Microbiome Feelings of the Brain: A Perspective for Non-Microbiologists. Microorganisms, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5040066"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1021\/jf902107d","article-title":"Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health","volume":"57","author":"Selma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0527403","article-title":"Urolithins, ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora, exhibit estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities","volume":"54","author":"Larrosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2009.04.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of a pomegranate extract and its metabolite urolithin-A in a colitis rat model and the effect of colon inflammation on phenolic metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Larrosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12511","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601056103","article-title":"Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice","volume":"103","author":"Dumas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900007-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids as regulatory molecules","volume":"50","author":"Hylemon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00318.x","article-title":"Major role of organic anion transporter 3 in the transport of indoxyl sulfate in the kidney","volume":"61","author":"Deguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812874106","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites","volume":"106","author":"Wikoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.014","article-title":"Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"41","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1019","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2","volume":"61","author":"Tolhurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.12.016","article-title":"Chronic effects of exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture and municipal wastewater in zebrafish","volume":"132","author":"Galus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2765","article-title":"The Microbiome and Musculoskeletal Conditions of Aging: A Review of Evidence for Impact and Potential Therapeutics","volume":"31","author":"Steves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.08.001","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in the First Decade of Life","volume":"27","author":"Derrien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.12.001","article-title":"Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health","volume":"21","author":"Matamoros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(19)30068-2","article-title":"Probiotic treatment using a mix of three Lactobacillus strains for lumbar spine bone loss in postmenopausal women: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"1","author":"Jansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0354","article-title":"The estrogen receptor-\u03b1 in osteoclasts mediates the protective effects of estrogens on cancellous but not cortical bone","volume":"24","author":"Almeida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.07.025","article-title":"Estrogen prevents bone loss via estrogen receptor \u03b1 and induction of Fas ligand in osteoclasts","volume":"130","author":"Nakamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061775","article-title":"Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction","volume":"203","author":"Sato","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/35046102","article-title":"T-cell-mediated regulation of osteoclastogenesis by signalling cross-talk between RANKL and IFN-\u03b3","volume":"408","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14148-4","article-title":"PTH induces bone loss via microbial-dependent expansion of intestinal TNF+ T cells and Th17 cells","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12369","article-title":"Osteoporosis: The evolution of a diagnosis","volume":"277","author":"Lorentzon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.11.1353","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and fracture risk in elderly women","volume":"296","author":"Pasco","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2325","article-title":"Circulating levels of inflammatory markers predict change in bone mineral density and resorption in older adults: A longitudinal study","volume":"93","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.22.2495","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and risk of nontraumatic fractures in the Bruneck study","volume":"166","author":"Schett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1840-5","article-title":"Higher circulating hsCRP levels are associated with lower bone mineral density in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women: Evidence for a link between systemic inflammation and osteoporosis","volume":"16","author":"Koh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615486","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/615486","article-title":"Mechanisms of Bone Resorption in Periodontitis","volume":"2015","author":"Hienz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN\/2002536","article-title":"Non-digestible oligosaccharides and calcium absorption in girls with adequate calcium intakes","volume":"87","author":"Griffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/69.3.544","article-title":"Oligofructose stimulates calcium absorption in adolescents","volume":"69","author":"Muys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0339-3","article-title":"Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism","volume":"102","author":"Whisner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2020.01.004","article-title":"Changes in nutrient absorption in children and adolescents caused by fructans, especially fructooligosaccharides and inulin","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.11.004","article-title":"Effects of the gut microbiota on bone mass","volume":"26","author":"Ohlsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.471","article-title":"A combination of prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin-type fructans enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralization in young adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Abrams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000981","article-title":"Soluble maize fibre affects short-term calcium absorption in adolescent boys and girls: A randomised controlled trial using dual stable isotopic tracers","volume":"112","author":"Whisner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0740-0","article-title":"Studies on ageing and the severity of radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"17","author":"Mangnus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308514","article-title":"Does the microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases?","volume":"64","author":"McLean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9217-5","article-title":"Aging of the human metaorganism: The microbial counterpart","volume":"34","author":"Biagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301970","article-title":"Periodontal pathogens directly promote autoimmune experimental arthritis by inducing a TLR2- and IL-1-driven Th17 response","volume":"192","author":"Koenders","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R186","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4376","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection exacerbates the development and severity of collagen-induced arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Marchesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e418","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30064-3","article-title":"Associations between gut microbiota and genetic risk for rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"2","author":"Wells","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40485","article-title":"Dysbiotic Subgingival Microbial Communities in Periodontally Healthy Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Paropkari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, H., Guo, R., Ju, Y., Wang, Q., Zhu, J., Xie, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, T., Liu, Z., and Lu, L. (2019). A single bacterium restores the microbiome dysbiosis to protect bones from destruction in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0719-1"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"177","article-title":"Clinical definition of sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Santilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cases Miner. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.06.021","article-title":"Muscle wasting: The gut microbiota as a new therapeutic target?","volume":"45","author":"Bindels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.049","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength","volume":"119","author":"Schaap","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84031-0","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal microbiota diversity, composition, and function in patients with sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0287-7","article-title":"The Microbiome and Osteosarcopenic Obesity in Older Individuals in Long-Term Care Facilities","volume":"13","author":"Inglis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328349c2b1","article-title":"Inflammation in osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Goldring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.025270","article-title":"Synovial tissue inflammation in early and late osteoarthritis","volume":"64","author":"Benito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12873-4","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome composition and its relation to joint pain and inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Boer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R102","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2748","article-title":"Broad-range PCR, cloning and sequencing of the full 16S rRNA gene for detection of bacterial DNA in synovial fluid samples of Tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Siala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1874","article-title":"Chlamydial nucleic acids in synovium in osteoarthritis: What are the implications?","volume":"28","author":"Olmez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Diseases","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef700","article-title":"Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07125-x","article-title":"ISSLS PRIZE in Clinical Science 2022: Epidemiology, risk factors and clinical impact of juvenile Modic changes in paediatric patients with low back pain","volume":"31","author":"Mallow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.03.008","article-title":"Obesity in children with low back pain: Implications with imaging phenotypes and opioid use","volume":"23","author":"Rudisill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211000707","article-title":"Epidemiology of Lumbar Degenerative Phenotypes of Children and Adolescents: A Large-Scale Imaging Study","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00783-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of intervertebral disc calcification","volume":"18","author":"Zehra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-017-5360-8","article-title":"Inflammaging in cervical and lumbar degenerated intervertebral discs: Analysis of proinflammatory cytokine and TRP channel expression","volume":"27","author":"Sadowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06086-y","article-title":"A review of microscopy-based evidence for the association of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms in degenerative disc disease and other diseased human tissue","volume":"28","author":"Capoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12841","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: A possible mechanism for chronic infection in patients with lumbar disc herniation\u2014A prospective proof-of-concept study using fluorescence in situ hybridization","volume":"126","author":"Fritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urquhart, D.M., Zheng, Y., Cheng, A.C., Rosenfeld, J.V., Chan, P., Liew, S., Hussain, S.M., and Cicuttini, F.M. (2015). Could low grade bacterial infection contribute to low back pain? A systematic review. BMC Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0267-x"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692752","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3692752","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes Induces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Promoting iNOS\/NO and COX-2\/PGE(2) Activation via the ROS-Dependent NF-kappaB Pathway","volume":"2018","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201587","article-title":"The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Health and Illness Condition: A Focus on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"81","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00605","article-title":"Altered Gut Microbiota Composition Is Associated With Back Pain in Overweight and Obese Individuals","volume":"11","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004301","article-title":"A Prospective, 3-year Longitudinal Study of Modic Changes of the Lumbar Spine in a Population-based Cohort: The Wakayama Spine Study","volume":"47","author":"Tamai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00337-x","article-title":"Detailed Subphenotyping of Lumbar Modic Changes and Their Association with Low Back Pain in a Large Population-Based Study: The Wakayama Spine Study","volume":"11","author":"Teraguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udby, P.M., Modic, M., Elmose, S., Carreon, L.Y., Andersen, M.O., Karppinen, J., and Samartzis, D. (2022). The Clinical Significance of the Modic Changes Grading Score. Glob. Spine J., 21925682221123012.","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221123012"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25240","article-title":"A definition and clinical grading of Modic changes","volume":"40","author":"Udby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219889080","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from commonly reported quantiles in meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.09.060","article-title":"Modic changes of the lumbar spine: Prevalence, risk factors, and association with disc degeneration and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort","volume":"16","author":"Mok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211022311","article-title":"Telemedicine in spine surgery: Global perspectives and practices","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2306-8","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment In patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Storheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003529","article-title":"Association Between Modic Changes and Low Back Pain in Middle Age: A Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study","volume":"45","author":"Saukkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000937","article-title":"ISSLS Prize Winner: Vertebral Endplate (Modic) Change is an Independent Risk Factor for Episodes of Severe and Disabling Low Back Pain","volume":"40","author":"Wadge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capoor, M.N., Ruzicka, F., Schmitz, J.E., James, G.A., Machackova, T., Jancalek, R., Smrcka, M., Lipina, R., Ahmed, F.S., and Alamin, T.F. (2017). Propionibacterium acnes biofilm is present in intervertebral discs of patients undergoing microdiscectomy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174518"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Zheng, Y., Yuan, Y., Jiao, Y., Xiao, J., Zhou, Z., and Cao, P. (2016). Modic Changes and Disc Degeneration Caused by Inoculation of Propionibacterium acnes inside Intervertebral Discs of Rabbits: A Pilot Study. Biomed. Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9612437"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23265","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes infected intervertebral discs cause vertebral bone marrow lesions consistent with Modic changes","volume":"34","author":"Dudli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2675-y","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): A double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy","volume":"22","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.03.006","article-title":"Acne: Inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Farrar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.050369","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in patients with low-back pain associated with Modic changes Type 1 (bone oedema): A pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Albert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S406079","article-title":"Cytokine Patterns as Predictors of Antibiotic Treatment Effect in Chronic Low Back Pain with Modic Changes: Subgroup Analyses of a Randomized Trial (AIM Study)","volume":"16","author":"Braten","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5654","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"367","author":"Braten","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.30","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.5.559","article-title":"Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: A 50-year natural history study","volume":"289","author":"Weinstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211066824","article-title":"Timely Revisit of Proprioceptive Deficits in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181f73c12","article-title":"Top theories for the etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22274","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22274","article-title":"Identification of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using UPLC\/QTOF-MS analysis: A first report of lipid metabolism profiles","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387025-4.00007-8","article-title":"Biochemistry of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"54","author":"Lombardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.J., Yu, H.G., Zhou, Z.H., Guo, Q., Wang, L.J., and Zhang, H.Q. (2016). Leptin Receptor Metabolism Disorder in Primary Chondrocytes from Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Girls. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071160"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0382-z","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Bone: To Build, Destroy, or Both?","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.11.017","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome and plasma proteome in Chinese patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"120","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)09522-6","article-title":"Septic arthritis","volume":"351","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei035","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis: An emerging clinical syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_178","unstructured":"Li, R., and Hatcher, J.D. (2022). Gonococcal Arthritis, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2015.01.002","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus healthcare associated bacteraemia: An indicator of catheter related infections","volume":"45","author":"Bonnal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-005-0043-8","article-title":"Virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus and their involvement in clinical syndromes","volume":"7","author":"Ferry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.06.059","article-title":"Septic arthritis in intravenous drug abusers: A historical comparison of habits and pathogens","volume":"47","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-012-1807-3","article-title":"Incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with bone and joint infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Vardakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2015(01)06","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological differences between septic arthritis of the knee and hip caused by oxacillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus","volume":"70","author":"Helito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10011-1321","article-title":"Rhinomaxillary Mucormycosis Masquerading as Chronic Osteomyelitis: A Series of Four Rare Cases with Review of Literature","volume":"24","author":"Mohanty","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01350","article-title":"Trends in the epidemiology of osteomyelitis: A population-based study, 1969 to 2009","volume":"97","author":"Kremers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery. Am."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1086\/341417","article-title":"Osteomyelitis in Elderly Patients","volume":"35","author":"Cunha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman\u00f2, C.L., Logoluso, N., Elia, A., and Roman\u00f2, D. (2010). Osteomyelitis in elderly patients. BMC Geriatr., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-10-S1-L15"},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"e9002","article-title":"A Complicated Case of Vertebral Osteomyelitis by Serratia Marcescens","volume":"12","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120919-08","article-title":"Acute management of open fractures: Proposal of a new multidisciplinary algorithm","volume":"35","author":"Mauffrey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-021-01035-x","article-title":"Results from a pilot study on the oral microbiome in children and adolescents with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"82","author":"Zeus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.04.036","article-title":"Understanding the microbiome of diabetic foot osteomyelitis: Insights from molecular and microscopic approaches","volume":"25","author":"Johani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01972-4","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection following elective foot and ankle surgery: A retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.8.SPINE19479","article-title":"Risk factors for deep surgical site infection following thoracolumbar spinal surgery","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679808999058","article-title":"Prophylactic mupirocin could reduce orthopedic wound infections. 1,044 patients treated with mupirocin compared with 1,260 historical controls","volume":"69","author":"Edixhoven","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/501763","article-title":"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for surgical-site infections in orthopedic surgery","volume":"21","author":"Kalmeijer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2017.03.005","article-title":"Screening for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among patients scheduled to undergo orthopedic surgery: Incidence of surgical site infection by nasal carriage","volume":"22","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.08.025","article-title":"Spontaneous spondylodiscitis: Presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and outcome","volume":"13","author":"Kapsalaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1096","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e04dd3","article-title":"A comparative study of pyogenic and tuberculous spondylodiscitis","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2003.10.022","article-title":"Spinal infections","volume":"50","author":"Tali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.02.005","article-title":"Infectious spondylodiscitis","volume":"56","author":"Cottle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1086\/520212","article-title":"Postoperative spondylodiskitis: Etiology, clinical findings, prognosis, and comparison with nonoperative pyogenic spondylodiskitis","volume":"29","author":"Reguera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.9.465","article-title":"A case ascertainment study of septic discitis: Clinical, microbiological and radiological features","volume":"94","author":"Hopkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E316","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000294","article-title":"Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Spinal Epidural Abscess: An Evidence-based Review","volume":"28","author":"Boody","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq303","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: Update on diagnosis and management","volume":"65","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318157393e","article-title":"Hematogenous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spondylodiscitis","volume":"32","author":"Lucas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200007010-00010","article-title":"Hematogenous pyogenic spinal infections and their surgical management","volume":"25","author":"Hadjipavlou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.678939","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: Standards of current treatment","volume":"28","author":"Papapietro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-009-9340-8","article-title":"A seven-year prospective study on spondylodiscitis: Epidemiological and microbiological features","volume":"38","author":"Scorzolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102360","article-title":"Metagenomic profiling of the pro-inflammatory gut microbiota in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"107","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.038","article-title":"The correlation between intestinal dysbiosis and the development of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2438","article-title":"HLA-B27 misfolding in transgenic rats is associated with activation of the unfolded protein response","volume":"175","author":"Turner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202925","article-title":"Evidence that autophagy, but not the unfolded protein response, regulates the expression of IL-23 in the gut of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and subclinical gut inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Ciccia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000239","article-title":"Subclinical gut inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"28","author":"Ciccia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700570","article-title":"Adalimumab Therapy Restores the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001640","article-title":"Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia","volume":"160","author":"Minerbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"S118","article-title":"Chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia: Could there be some relationships with infections and vaccinations?","volume":"29","author":"Cassisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacomelli, C., Sernissi, F., Rossi, A., Bombardieri, S., and Bazzichi, L. (2014). Biomarkers in fibromyalgia: A review. Curr. Biomark. Find., 4.","DOI":"10.2147\/CBF.S38161"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.018","article-title":"Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia\u2014A multi-site positron emission tomography investigation","volume":"75","author":"Albrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000526","article-title":"A distinctive profile of family genetic risk scores in a Swedish national sample of cases of fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome compared to rheumatoid arthritis and major depression","volume":"53","author":"Kendler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.031","article-title":"Gut microbiome and serum metabolome analyses identify molecular biomarkers and altered glutamate metabolism in fibromyalgia","volume":"46","author":"Abecia","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wei, J., Zhang, W., Doherty, M., Zhang, Y., Xie, H., Li, W., Wang, N., Lei, G., and Zeng, C. (2022). Gut dysbiosis in rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 observational studies. EBioMedicine, 80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104055"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101767","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying the accelerated cognitive decline in people with chronic low back pain: A scoping review","volume":"82","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2989","article-title":"\u2018Blooming\u2019 in the gut: How dysbiosis might contribute to pathogen evolution","volume":"11","author":"Stecher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14728","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904489106","article-title":"Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism","volume":"106","author":"Clayton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.070405","article-title":"Epimedium-derived phytoestrogen flavonoids exert beneficial effect on preventing bone loss in late postmenopausal women: A 24-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.115.064386","article-title":"Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of Epimedium Flavonoids in Osteoporosis Rats","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1577-2","article-title":"The first multicenter and randomized clinical trial of herbal Fufang for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200402000-00011","article-title":"Strontium biokinetics in humans: Influence of alginate on the uptake of ingested strontium","volume":"86","author":"Oeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0568-z","article-title":"Systemic immunity shapes the oral microbiome and susceptibility to bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw","volume":"13","author":"Kalyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/10\/1937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1760130412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/14\/10\/1937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["genes14101937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14101937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]}}}