{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:28:40Z","timestamp":1788215320073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["SG-2019-12369421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369421"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RC16\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC16\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo","award":["SG-2019-12369421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369421"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo","award":["RC16\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC16\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2023)","award":["SG-2019-12369421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369421"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente 2023)","award":["RC16\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC16\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (Italy)","award":["SG-2019-12369421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SG-2019-12369421"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan (Italy)","award":["RC16\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC16\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic autoinflammatory skin disorder, which typically occurs during puberty or early adulthood. The pathogenesis of HS is complex and multifactorial; a close interaction between hormonal, genetic, epigenetics factors, host-specific aspects, and environmental influences contributes to the susceptibility, onset, severity, and clinical course of this disease, although the exact molecular mechanisms are still being explored. Epigenetics is currently emerging as an interesting field of investigation that could potentially shed light on the molecular intricacies underlying HS, but there is much still to uncover on the subject. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the epigenetic landscape involved in HS. Specifically, in this in-depth review we provide a comprehensive overview of DNA methylation\/hydroxymethylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs (such as microRNA\u2014miRNA-132, miRNA-200c, miRNA-30a-3p, miRNA-100-5b, miRNA-155-5p, miRNA-338-5p) dysregulation in HS patients. An interesting element of epigenetic regulation in HS is that the persistent inflammatory milieu observed in HS lesional skin could be exacerbated by an altered methylation profile and histone acetylation pattern associated with key inflammatory genes. Deepening our knowledge on the subject could enable the development of targeted epigenetic therapies to potentially restore normal gene expression patterns, and subsequentially ameliorate, or even reverse, the progression of the disease. By deciphering the epigenetic code governing HS, we strive to usher in a new era of personalized and effective interventions for this enigmatic dermatological condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1703655795000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unraveling the Epigenetic Tapestry: Decoding the Impact of Epigenetic Modifications in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elena Maria","family":"Nardacchione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1954-4126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola Maura","family":"Tricarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamo Pio","family":"d\u2019Adamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health\u2014IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34137 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayshath","family":"Thasneem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"},{"name":"Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Suleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8160-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo Valerio","family":"Marzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Crovella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0060-5870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Moltrasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0149-1","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"6","author":"Sabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.1677","article-title":"Prevalence of Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"157","author":"Jfri","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"40","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa: An up-to-Date Review of Clinical Features, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"30","author":"Moussa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wound Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.1301","article-title":"Evaluating Patients\u2019 Unmet Needs in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Results from the Global Survey Of Impact and Healthcare Needs (VOICE) Project","volume":"82","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2865","article-title":"Differences Between Children and Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"157","author":"Hallock","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.5435","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa in the Pediatric Population: An International, Multicenter, Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study of 481 Pediatric Patients","volume":"157","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moltrasio, C., Tricarico, P.M., Romagnuolo, M., Marzano, A.V., and Crovella, S. (2022). Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Perspective on Genetic Factors Involved in the Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10082039"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moltrasio, C., Romagnuolo, M., and Marzano, A.V. (2022). Epigenetic Mechanisms of Epidermal Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094874"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"62","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Detangling Phenotypes and Identifying Common Denominators","volume":"38","author":"Costache","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08956-8","article-title":"Epigenetic Dysregulation in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"63","author":"Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19286","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa Presents a Methylome Dysregulation Capable to Explain the Pro-Inflammatory Microenvironment: Are These DNA Methylations Potential Therapeutic Targets?","volume":"37","author":"Radhakrishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dopytalska, K., Czaplicka, A., Szyma\u0144ska, E., and Walecka, I. (2023). The Essential Role of MicroRNAs in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Skin Diseases\u2014A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119130"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-022-02432-1","article-title":"Increased Epigenetic Age Acceleration in the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Skin","volume":"315","author":"Lukac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1655","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Human Disease","volume":"6","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2018.3369","article-title":"Reduced Ten-Eleven Translocation and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Expression in Inflammatory Hidradenitis Suppurativa Lesions","volume":"28","author":"Hessam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15252","article-title":"Tet2 Is Required to Resolve Inflammation by Recruiting Hdac2 to Specifically Repress IL-6","volume":"525","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.070771","article-title":"Tet Family Proteins and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Development and Disease","volume":"139","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.22","article-title":"Regulation of Chromatin by Histone Modifications","volume":"21","author":"Bannister","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608605","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2608605","article-title":"The Histone Modification Code in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Araki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2015.84","article-title":"Microguards and Micromessengers of the Genome","volume":"116","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5451","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27486","article-title":"An Overview of MicroRNAs: Biology, Functions, Therapeutics, and Analysis Methods","volume":"234","author":"Saliminejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ialongo, A., Yeh, S.-Y., and Rhee, H.S. (2023). Crosstalk between Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Epigenetics. Biochem. Cell Biol., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1139\/bcb-2023-0165"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.06.001","article-title":"Are Circulating MicroRNAs Peripheral Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?","volume":"1862","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg816","article-title":"The Fundamental Role of Epigenetic Events in Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01055-2","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation in Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Advances in Clinical Trials","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, H., Feng, X., He, T., Wu, Y., He, T., Yue, Z., and Zhou, W. (2023). Discussion on Structure Classification and Regulation Function of Histone Deacetylase and Their Inhibitor. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 103.","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.14366"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2015.15","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Epidermal Development and Keratinocyte Differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Botchkarev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000478043","article-title":"Altered Global 5-Hydroxymethylation Status in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Support for an Epigenetic Background","volume":"233","author":"Hessam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206452","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1206452","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of Programmed Cell Death in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2010.54","article-title":"Epigenetics and Gene Expression","volume":"105","author":"Gibney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082649rb","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase 1 and 2-Controlled Embryonic Development and Cell Differentiation","volume":"53","author":"Brunmeir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397927-8.00002-6","article-title":"Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) as Mediators of Resistance to Apoptosis in Melanoma and as Targets for Combination Therapy with Selective BRAF Inhibitors","volume":"65","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2010.10.015","article-title":"Hdac1 and Hdac2 Act Redundantly to Control P63 and P53 Functions in Epidermal Progenitor Cells","volume":"19","author":"LeBoeuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e374","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.374","article-title":"Targeting MicroRNA for Improved Skin Health","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173931","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2023.2173931","article-title":"\u0394Np63\u03b1-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation in Keratinocyte Senescence","volume":"18","author":"Kuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-02005-9","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"312","author":"Mervis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"tr8-tr8","article-title":"The Jak-STAT Pathway Stimulated by Interferon Gamma","volume":"2004","author":"Horvath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5MIR0420-055R","article-title":"Roles of IL-2 in Bridging Adaptive and Innate Immunity, and as a Tool for Cellular Immunotherapy","volume":"108","author":"Bendickova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15160","article-title":"Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Therapy Modulates MTORC1 Signalling in Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"33","author":"Balato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00847","article-title":"Hidradenitis Suppurativa as a Potential Subtype of Autoinflammatory Keratinization Disease","volume":"11","author":"Nomura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00762-6","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signalling: Function, Biological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19256","article-title":"Risk of Keratinocyte Carcinoma among Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"183","author":"Ashrafzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14710","article-title":"Reduced Expression of CXCL16\/CXCR6 Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm083","article-title":"CXCL16 Is a Novel Mediator of the Innate Immunity of Epidermal Keratinocytes","volume":"19","author":"Tohyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhakrishna, U., Ratnamala, U., Jhala, D.D., Uppala, L.V., Vedangi, A., Saiyed, N., Patel, M., Vadsaria, N., Shah, S.R., and Rawal, R.M. (J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2023). Hidradenitis suppurativa associated telomere-methylome dysregulations in blood, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19586"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18473","article-title":"Methylated MiRNAs May Serve as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"36","author":"Radhakrishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-10-1247","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Vorinostat for Treatment of Advanced Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"12","author":"Mann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2023.05.001","article-title":"Topical Histone Deacetylase 1 Inhibitor Entinostat Ameliorates Psoriasiform Dermatitis through Suppression of IL-17A Response","volume":"110","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq108","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors MS-275 and SAHA Induced Growth Arrest and Suppressed Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated NF-\u039aB P65 Nuclear Accumulation in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblastic E11 Cells","volume":"49","author":"Choo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052702999","article-title":"The Antitumor Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Exhibits Antiinflammatory Properties via Suppression of Cytokines","volume":"99","author":"Leoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.4171","article-title":"Modulation of Renal Disease in MRL\/Lpr Mice by Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid","volume":"173","author":"Reilly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14502","article-title":"Vorinostat, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, as a Potential Novel Treatment for Psoriasis","volume":"31","author":"Samuelov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-016-0492-2","article-title":"Expression of MiRNA-155, MiRNA-223, MiRNA-31, MiRNA-21, MiRNA-125b, and MiRNA-146a in the Inflammatory Pathway of Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"40","author":"Hessam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.02.009","article-title":"Inflammation Induced Changes in the Expression Levels of Components of the MicroRNA Maturation Machinery Drosha, Dicer, Drosha Co-Factor DGRC8 and Exportin-5 in Inflammatory Lesions of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients","volume":"82","author":"Hessam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-017-1752-1","article-title":"The MicroRNA Effector RNA-Induced Silencing Complex in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Significant Dysregulation within Active Inflammatory Lesions","volume":"309","author":"Hessam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Felice, B., Montanino, C., Mallardo, M., Babino, G., Mattera, E., Ragozzino, G., Argenziano, G., Daniele, A., and Nigro, E. (2022). Circulating MicroRNAs in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13091544"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18460","article-title":"AKT-Dependent Hyperproliferation of Keratinocytes in Familial Hidradenitis Suppurativa with a NCSTN Mutation: A Potential Role of Defective MiR-100-5p","volume":"182","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.020","article-title":"Nicastrin\/miR-30a-3p\/RAB31 Axis Regulates Keratinocyte Differentiation by Impairing EGFR Signaling in Familial Acne Inversa","volume":"139","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00566-8","article-title":"Long Non-Coding RNAs: Definitions, Functions, Challenges and Recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Mattick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1159\/000531496","article-title":"Clinical and Molecular Characterization of Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Practical Framework for Novel Therapeutic Targets","volume":"239","author":"Moltrasio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand\u00e3o, L.A.C., Tricarico, P.M., Gratton, R., Agrelli, A., Zupin, L., Abou-Saleh, H., Moura, R., and Crovella, S. (2021). Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041523"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2217","article-title":"Genetic Variants Associated With Hidradenitis Suppurativa","volume":"159","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.012","article-title":"Single-Cell Transcriptomics Suggest Distinct Upstream Drivers of IL-17A\/F in Hidradenitis versus Psoriasis","volume":"152","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, A.S.L.E., Bloise, G., Moltrasio, C., Coelho, A., Agrelli, A., Moura, R., Tricarico, P.M., Jamain, S., Marzano, A.V., and Crovella, S. (2022). Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Confirms the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Pathogenic Triad: Upregulated Inflammation, Altered Epithelial Organization, and Dysregulated Metabolic Signaling. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101371"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.07.035","article-title":"The Inflammatory Proteome of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Skin Is More Expansive than That of Psoriasis Vulgaris","volume":"86","author":"Navrazhina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11910-5","article-title":"Holistic Health Record for Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients","volume":"12","author":"Tricarico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457712","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00892","article-title":"An Integrated Approach to Unravel Hidradenitis Suppurativa Etiopathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Tricarico","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2315096120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315096120","article-title":"Epigenetic switch reshapes epithelial progenitor cell signatures and drives inflammatory pathogenesis in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"120","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:42:21Z","timestamp":1760132541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15010038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15010038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]}}}