{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:30:09Z","timestamp":1790735409501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jerome Lejeune Foundation","award":["1237539-101-UDCXE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237539-101-UDCXE"]}]},{"name":"Jerome Lejeune Foundation","award":["1124915-1-FZAHB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1124915-1-FZAHB"]}]},{"name":"non-federal funding","award":["1237539-101-UDCXE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237539-101-UDCXE"]}]},{"name":"non-federal funding","award":["1124915-1-FZAHB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1124915-1-FZAHB"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that currently affects as many as 50 million people worldwide. It is neurochemically characterized by an aggregation of \u03b2-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles that result in neuronal dysfunction, cognitive decline, and a progressive loss of brain function. TgSwDI is a well-studied transgenic mouse model of AD, but no longitudinal studies have been performed to characterize cognitive deficits or \u03b2-amyloid plaque accumulation for use as a baseline reference in future research. Thus, we use behavioral tests (T-Maze, Novel Object Recognition (NOR), Novel Object Location (NOL)) to study long-term and working memory, and immunostaining to study \u03b2-amyloid plaque deposits, as well as brain size, in hippocampal, cerebellum, and cortical slices in TgSwDI and wild-type (WT) mice at 3, 5, 8, and 12 months old. The behavioral results show that TgSwDI mice exhibit deficits in their long-term spatial memory starting at 8 months old and in long-term recognition memory at all ages, but no deficits in their working memory. Immunohistochemistry showed an exponential increase in \u03b2-amyloid plaque in the hippocampus and cortex of TgSwDI mice over time, whereas there was no significant accumulation of plaque in WT mice at any age. Staining showed a smaller hippocampus and cerebellum starting at 8 months old for the TgSwDI compared to WT mice. Our data show how TgSwDI mice differ from WT mice in their baseline levels of cognitive function and \u03b2-amyloid plaque load throughout their lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:56:27Z","timestamp":1703757387000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Behavioral and Neuronal Characterizations, across Ages, of the TgSwDI Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica M. Alvarado","family":"Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4479-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Craig","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa C.","family":"Pittaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breijyeh, Z., and Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Causes and Treatment. 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