{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:02:27Z","timestamp":1791482547420,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K07025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJSBP120239930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project","award":["22K07025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07025"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project","award":["JPJSBP120239930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239930"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}]},{"name":"Bilateral Open Partnership Joint Research Project","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation\u2019s International Fellowship Program for Foreign Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K07025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation\u2019s International Fellowship Program for Foreign Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJSBP120239930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation\u2019s International Fellowship Program for Foreign Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation\u2019s International Fellowship Program for Foreign Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001675","name":"International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) Exchange Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K07025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K07025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001675","name":"International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) Exchange Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJSBP120239930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001675","name":"International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) Exchange Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001675","name":"International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) Exchange Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001675","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) is a highly prevalent environmental pollutant, often considered to be less toxic than other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Despite its relatively lower environmental impact compared to other PFASs, several studies have suggested that exposure to PFHxS may be associated with disruptions of liver function in humans. Nevertheless, the precise pathomechanisms underlying PFHxS-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remain relatively unclear. Therefore, this study applied our previously published transcriptome dataset to explore the effects of PFHxS exposure on the susceptibility to NAFLD and to identify potential mechanisms responsible for PFHxS-induced NAFLD through transcriptomic analysis conducted on zebrafish embryos. Results showed that exposure to PFHxS markedly aggravated hepatic symptoms resembling NAFLD and other metabolic syndromes (MetS) in fish. Transcriptomic analysis unveiled 17 genes consistently observed in both NAFLD and insulin resistance (IR), along with an additional 28 genes identified in both the adipocytokine signaling pathway and IR. These shared genes were also found within the NAFLD dataset, suggesting that hepatic IR may play a prominent role in the development of PFHxS-induced NAFLD. In conclusion, our study suggests that environmental exposure to PFHxS could be a potential risk factor for the development of NAFLD, challenging the earlier notion of PFHxS being safer as previously claimed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T11:15:01Z","timestamp":1705317301000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["PFHxS Exposure and the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulvikar Syambani","family":"Ulhaq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Pre-Clinical and Clinical Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Ka Fai","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Developmental Disorders and Toxicology, Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10092","article-title":"Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Markers of Liver Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"130","author":"Costello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041303","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11149","article-title":"Invited Perspective: PFAS and Liver Disease: Bringing All the Evidence Together","volume":"130","author":"Ducatman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouwels, S., Sakran, N., Graham, Y., Leal, A., Pintar, T., Yang, W., Kassir, R., Singhal, R., Mahawar, K., and Ramnarain, D. (2022). Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Management and Effects of Weight Loss. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00980-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.21037\/tgh.2019.09.08","article-title":"Epidemiology of Non-Alcoholic and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases","volume":"5","author":"Mitra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100550","article-title":"Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Multiethnic Cohort","volume":"4","author":"Goodrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-019-00232-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of Environmental Contributions to Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"6","author":"Wahlang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0094-1","article-title":"A Review of the Pathways of Human Exposure to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Present Understanding of Health Effects","volume":"29","author":"Sunderland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107149","article-title":"Human Exposure Pathways to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Indoor Media: A Systematic Review","volume":"162","author":"DeLuca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890","article-title":"Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Toxicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research","volume":"40","author":"Fenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presentato, A., Lampis, S., Vantini, A., Manea, F., Dapr\u00e0, F., Zuccoli, S., and Vallini, G. (2020). On the Ability of Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS) Bioaccumulation by Two Pseudomonas Sp. Strains Isolated from PFAS-Contaminated Environmental Matrices. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010092"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131722","article-title":"Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) Induces Oxidative Stress and Causes Developmental Toxicities in Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"457","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/2190-4715-24-16","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)\u2014Main Concerns and Regulatory Developments in Europe from an Environmental Point of View","volume":"24","author":"Vierke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.186","article-title":"The Overlooked Short- and Ultrashort-Chain Poly- and Perfluorinated Substances: A Review","volume":"220","author":"Ateia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.09.059","article-title":"PFHxS Induces Apoptosis of Neuronal Cells via ERK1\/2-Mediated Pathway","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100694","article-title":"Association of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure with Fatty Liver Disease Risk in US Adults","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105220","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver in Children: An Untargeted Metabolomics Approach","volume":"134","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heberle, H., Meirelles, G.V., da Silva, F.R., Telles, G.P., and Minghim, R. (2015). InteractiVenn: A Web-Based Tool for the Analysis of Sets through Venn Diagrams. BMC Bioinform., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-015-0611-3"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.05.008","article-title":"Dysregulation of Spliceosomes Complex Induces Retinitis Pigmentosa\u2013Like Characteristics in Sf3b4-Depleted Zebrafish","volume":"193","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.04.096","article-title":"Deciphering the Pathogenesis of Retinopathy Associated with Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Deficiency in Zebrafish Model","volume":"664","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.02.046","article-title":"FGF8 Rescues Motor Deficits in Zebrafish Model of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy R18","volume":"652","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166833","article-title":"Insights from Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Studies on Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) Exposed Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"904","author":"Ulhaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"097006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6470","article-title":"Chemical Characterization of a Legacy Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Sample and Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"128","author":"Annunziato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.01.009","article-title":"Subtle Morphometric, Behavioral and Gene Expression Effects in Larval Zebrafish Exposed to PFHxA, PFHxS and 6:2 FTOH","volume":"208","author":"Annunziato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol. Amst. Neth."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5843","article-title":"Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity, Developmental Neurotoxicity, and Tissue Dose in Zebrafish Exposed to GenX and Other PFAS","volume":"128","author":"Gaballah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156388","article-title":"Concentration-Dependent Toxicokinetics of Novel PFOS Alternatives and Their Chronic Combined Toxicity in Adult Zebrafish","volume":"839","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125573","article-title":"Behavioural Effects and Bioconcentration of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos","volume":"245","author":"Menger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176953","DOI":"10.1080\/1547691X.2023.2176953","article-title":"Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Suppress the Neutrophil Respiratory Burst","volume":"20","author":"Phelps","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07188","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids Influences Their Toxic Potency in the Zebrafish Embryo (Danio rerio)","volume":"53","author":"Vogs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163770","article-title":"A Comprehensive Untargeted Metabolomics Study in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Perfluorohexane Sulfonate (PFHxS)","volume":"887","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151739","article-title":"Using Comprehensive Lipid Profiling to Study Effects of PFHxS during Different Stages of Early Zebrafish Development","volume":"808","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2016.04.013","article-title":"Chronic Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) Exposure Induces Hepatic Steatosis in Zebrafish","volume":"176","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol. Amst. Neth."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.060","article-title":"Fatty Liver Disease Induced by Perfluorooctane Sulfonate: Novel Insight from Transcriptome Analysis","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.010","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Glycemic Status in Pregnant Danish Women: The Odense Child Cohort","volume":"116","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP9200","article-title":"Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Glucose Homeostasis in Youth","volume":"129","author":"Goodrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.047","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Metabolomic Profiling, and Alterations in Glucose Homeostasis among Overweight and Obese Hispanic Children: A Proof-of-Concept Analysis","volume":"126","author":"Alderete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zare Jeddi, M., Dalla Zuanna, T., Barbieri, G., Fabricio, A.S.C., Dapr\u00e0, F., Fletcher, T., Russo, F., Pitter, G., and Canova, C. (2021). Associations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances with Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Highly Exposed Young Adult Community Residents-A Cross-Sectional Study in Veneto Region, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031194"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113607","article-title":"Association between Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Metabolic Syndrome and Related Outcomes among Older Residents Living near a Science Park in Taiwan","volume":"230","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.08.014","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"222","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.250","article-title":"Association of Perfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure with Cardiometabolic Traits in an Island Population of the Eastern Adriatic Coast of Croatia","volume":"683","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.074","article-title":"Association of Serum Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in Chinese Male Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"621","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2947-0","article-title":"Molecular Pathways of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development and Progression","volume":"76","author":"Bessone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2023.01.013","article-title":"Pathogenetic Pathways in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Incomplete Jigsaw Puzzle","volume":"27","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, R., Pronio, A., Romeo, M., Scognamiglio, F., Ventriglia, L., Ormando, V.M., Lamazza, A., Pontone, S., Federico, A., and Dallio, M. (2022). The Role of Insulin Resistance in Fueling NAFLD Pathogenesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133649"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472432","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/472432","article-title":"Roles for PI3K\/AKT\/PTEN Pathway in Cell Signaling of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"2013","author":"Matsuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-019-0364-5","article-title":"Dietary Chokeberry and Dried Jujube Fruit Attenuates High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Insulin Resistance via Activation of the IRS-1\/PI3K\/Akt Pathway in C57BL\/6\u2009J Mice","volume":"16","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.06.006","article-title":"Serine Phosphorylation by mTORC1 Promotes IRS-1 Degradation through SCF\u03b2-TRCP E3 Ubiquitin Ligase","volume":"5","author":"Yoneyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.026","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Risk of Type II Diabetes: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"123","author":"Bergdahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965384","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.965384","article-title":"Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Type 2 Diabetes Risk","volume":"13","author":"Roth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/jox11030008","article-title":"Associations between Exposures to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, or Insulin Resistance: A Scoping Review","volume":"11","author":"Margolis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Xenobiotics"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/93\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1760103962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/93"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15010093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15010093","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]}}}