{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:52:22Z","timestamp":1792450342552,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":302,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT\/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)\u2014a form of cutaneous neoplasm\u2014is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT\/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T11:36:41Z","timestamp":1705923401000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Szymon","family":"Zmorzynski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Academy of Zamosc, 22-400 Zamosc, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kimicka-Szajwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DVM Veterinary Hospital AMVET, 31-328 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Szajwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Luke\u2019s Hospital in Tarnow, 33-100 Tarnow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Czerwik-Marcinkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Wojcierowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Genetic Testing, 20-143 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2859","article-title":"Epidemiological analysis of the most prevalent sites and types of canine neoplasia observed in a veterinary hospital","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/50.2.457","article-title":"Skin Tumors in Domestic Animals. Data from 12 United States and Canadian Colleges of Veterinary Medicine 2","volume":"50","author":"Priester","year":"1973","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04573.x","article-title":"Paul Ehrlich\u2019s doctoral thesis: A milestone in the study of mast cells","volume":"123","author":"Crivellato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanase, Y., Matsubara, D., Takahagi, S., Tanaka, A., Ozawa, K., and Hide, M. (2023). Basophil Characteristics as a Marker of the Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria in Relation to the Coagulation and Complement Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210320"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-64-15727","article-title":"Liberation of Histamine and Heparin by Peptone from the Isolated Dog\u2019s Liver","volume":"64","author":"Rocha","year":"1947","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"72P","article-title":"Histamine in tissue mast cells","volume":"117","author":"Riley","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-07-104018","article-title":"Phagocytosis-independent antimicrobial activity of mast cells by means of extracellular trap formation","volume":"111","author":"Goldmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobiepanek, A., Kuryk, \u0141., Garofalo, M., Kumar, S., Baran, J., Musolf, P., Siebenhaar, F., Fluhr, J.W., Kobiela, T., and Plasenzotti, R. (2022). The Multifaceted Roles of Mast Cells in Immune Homeostasis, Infections and Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23042249"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01499-4","article-title":"Mast Cells in Diabetes and Diabetic Wound Healing","volume":"37","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacci, S. (2022). Fine Regulation during Wound Healing by Mast Cells, a Physiological Role Not Yet Clarified. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031820"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v27.i1.20","article-title":"Mast Cell Homeostasis: A Fundamental Aspect of Allergic Disease","volume":"27","author":"Ryan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2327","article-title":"Immunomodulatory mast cells: Negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity","volume":"8","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155414545334","article-title":"Mast Cell Function","volume":"62","author":"Jamur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00569","article-title":"Mast Cell Mediators: Their Differential Release and the Secretory Pathways Involved","volume":"5","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1999.tb00342.x","article-title":"Mast cells and their mediators in cutaneous wound healing\u2014Active participants or innocent bystanders?","volume":"8","author":"Artuc","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichterman, J.N., and Reddy, S.M. (2021). Mast Cells: A New Frontier for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061270"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18374","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v1i0.18374","article-title":"ExoCarta as a resource for exosomal research","volume":"1","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3037","article-title":"Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Elicit Specific Immune Responses In Vivo","volume":"170","author":"Skokos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-339523","article-title":"The munc13-4\u2013rab27 complex is specifically required for tethering secretory lysosomes at the plasma membrane","volume":"118","author":"Elstak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02338","article-title":"Complexin II facilitates exocytotic release in mast cells by enhancing Ca2+ sensitivity of the fusion process","volume":"118","author":"Tadokoro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.18.6487-6497.2002","article-title":"Rab3D Is Not Required for Exocrine Exocytosis but for Maintenance of Normally Sized Secretory Granules","volume":"22","author":"Riedel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19445","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.002550","article-title":"Synaptotagmin-2 Controls Regulated Exocytosis but Not Other Secretory Responses of Mast Cells","volume":"284","author":"Melicoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0513281","article-title":"Rac1 and Rac2 control distinct events during antigen-stimulated mast cell exocytosis","volume":"95","author":"Baier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131926","article-title":"DOCK5 functions as a key signaling adaptor that links Fc\u03b5RI signals to microtubule dynamics during mast cell degranulation","volume":"211","author":"Ogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01443.x","article-title":"SNARE complex-mediated degranulation in mast cells","volume":"16","author":"Woska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.023","article-title":"Adult Connective Tissue-Resident Mast Cells Originate from Late Erythro-Myeloid Progenitors","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90303-V","article-title":"The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the SI locus and is the ligand of the c-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza, R.P., Fudge, D.H., and Brown, J.M. (2021). Cellular Energetics of Mast Cell Development and Activation. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030524"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109717","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2023.1109717","article-title":"Sodium butyrate supresses malignant human mast cell proliferation, downregulates expression of KIT and promotes differentiation","volume":"4","author":"MacDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.61.3.233","article-title":"Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase","volume":"61","author":"Welle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-257287","article-title":"Mast cell proteases: Multifaceted regulators of inflammatory disease","volume":"115","author":"Pejler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.12.4464","article-title":"Two types of human mast cells that have distinct neutral protease compositions","volume":"83","author":"Schechter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"53","article-title":"Analysis of MC(T) and MC(TC) mast cells in tissue","volume":"315","author":"Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.009","article-title":"Involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"126","author":"Abonia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.12.4381","article-title":"Deficiency of the tryptase-positive, chymase-negative mast cell type in gastrointestinal mucosa of patients with defective T lymphocyte function","volume":"138","author":"Irani","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9533-9_1","article-title":"Mast Cell Biology: Introduction and Overview","volume":"716","author":"Gilfillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.01.018","article-title":"Mast cell progenitors: Origin, development and migration to tissues","volume":"63","author":"Dahlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.012","article-title":"Human Mast Cell Proteome Reveals Unique Lineage, Putative Functions, and Structural Basis for Cell Ablation","volume":"52","author":"Plum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603050","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.603050","article-title":"IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy","volume":"11","author":"Kanagaratham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00821","article-title":"Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma","volume":"10","author":"Hallgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2014.02.020","article-title":"Mast cells as targets for immunotherapy of solid tumors","volume":"63","author":"Oldford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanase, Y., Takahagi, S., Ozawa, K., and Hide, M. (2021). The Role of Coagulation and Complement Factors for Mast Cell Activation in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071759"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.44.789","article-title":"Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mast cells useful for in vitro mast cell activation assay exhibiting phenotypes and morphological characteristics of human mast cells","volume":"44","author":"Ikuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46719","article-title":"Mast cells as a unique hematopoietic lineage and cell system: From Paul Ehrlich\u2019s visions to precision medicine concepts","volume":"10","author":"Valent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2000.13.427","article-title":"West Nile Virus Investigations in South Moravia, Czechland","volume":"13","author":"Savage","year":"2000","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2029","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.378","article-title":"Histamine: A potential cytoprotective agent to improve cancer therapy?","volume":"6","author":"Lamas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119458","article-title":"Human mast cells stimulate vascular tube formation. Tryptase is a novel, potent angiogenic factor","volume":"99","author":"Blair","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3774","article-title":"The tumour microenvironment in B cell lymphomas","volume":"14","author":"Scott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1629","article-title":"Mast cells activated by SARS-CoV-2 release histamine which increases IL-1 levels causing cytokine storm and inflammatory reaction in COVID-19","volume":"34","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.4.663","article-title":"IgE Enhances Mouse Mast Cell Fc\u03b5RI Expression In Vitro and In Vivo: Evidence for a Novel Amplification Mechanism in IgE-dependent Reactions","volume":"185","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26674","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.134262","article-title":"Tyrosines in the Carboxyl Terminus Regulate Syk Kinase Activity and Function","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2006.05.011","article-title":"Adaptive and Innate Immune Reactions Regulating Mast Cell Activation: From Receptor-mediated Signaling to Responses","volume":"26","author":"Tkaczyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/320415a0","article-title":"A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family","volume":"320","author":"Besmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.012","article-title":"KIT as a master regulator of the mast cell lineage","volume":"149","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000019","article-title":"Dendritic cell c-kit signaling and adaptive immunity","volume":"14","author":"Oriss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.2.313","article-title":"Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils Express a Functional c-kit Receptor for Stem Cell Factor that Stimulates Very Late Antigen 4 (VLA-4)\u2013mediated Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1)","volume":"186","author":"Yuan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04663.1992","article-title":"c-kit receptor and ligand expression in postnatal development of the mouse cerebellum suggests a function for c-kit in inhibitory interneurons","volume":"12","author":"Manova","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.05.007","article-title":"GATA-2\u2013deficient mast cells limit IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions in human subjects","volume":"144","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.011","article-title":"Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases","volume":"141","author":"Lemmon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6087","article-title":"The C-Kit Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction and Tumor-Related Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"373","article-title":"Alternate splicing of mRNAs encoding human mast cell growth factor and localization of the gene to chromosome 12q22-q24","volume":"2","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.001","article-title":"Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: Co-inhibitory Receptors with Specialized Functions in Immune Regulation","volume":"44","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youngblood, B.A., Leung, J., Falahati, R., Williams, J., Schanin, J., Brock, E.C., Singh, B., Chang, A.T., O\u2019sullivan, J.A., and Schleimer, R.P. (2020). Discovery, Function, and Therapeutic Targeting of Siglec-8. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010019"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14022","article-title":"Identification of a mast-cell-specific receptor crucial for pseudo-allergic drug reactions","volume":"519","author":"McNeil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14213","article-title":"The pseudoallergen receptor MRGPRX2 on peripheral blood basophils and eosinophils: Expression and function","volume":"75","author":"Wedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.06.030","article-title":"MRGPRX2 Activation Causes Increased Skin Reactivity in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria","volume":"141","author":"Shtessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.003","article-title":"A Connective Tissue Mast-Cell-Specific Receptor Detects Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules and Mediates Antibacterial Immunity","volume":"26","author":"Pundir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1568-2_11","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Human Intestinal Mast Cells","volume":"1220","author":"Lorentz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07548","article-title":"Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein","volume":"457","author":"Trompette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00185","article-title":"TLR signaling in mast cells: Common and unique features","volume":"3","author":"Sandig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theoharides, T.C., Tsilioni, I., and Conti, P. (2019). Mast Cells May Regulate The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of IL-37. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153701"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2250","article-title":"Protective Roles of Mast Cells Against Enterobacterial Infection Are Mediated by Toll-Like Receptor 4","volume":"167","author":"Supajatura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214704","article-title":"Differential responses of mast cell Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in allergy and innate immunity","volume":"109","author":"Supajatura","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.521","article-title":"High Bactericidal Efficiency of Type IIA Phospholipase A2 against Bacillus anthracis and Inhibition of Its Secretion by the Lethal Toxin","volume":"173","author":"Gimenez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/ni805","article-title":"Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell\u2013mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP","volume":"3","author":"Soumelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000443","article-title":"Antialarmins for treatment of asthma","volume":"24","author":"Oliveria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an Interleukin-1-like Cytokine that Signals via the IL-1 Receptor-Related Protein ST2 and Induces T Helper Type 2-Associated Cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700663","article-title":"IL-33 can promote survival, adhesion and cytokine production in human mast cells","volume":"87","author":"Iikura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.12.056","article-title":"Adenosine in the airways: Implications and applications","volume":"533","author":"Spicuzza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.03.008","article-title":"Mast cell tryptase\u2014Marker and maker of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"199","author":"Mohajeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2755","article-title":"IgE and mast cells in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Galli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprinzl, B., Greiner, G., Uyanik, G., Arock, M., Haferlach, T., Sperr, W.R., Valent, P., and Hoermann, G. (2021). Genetic Regulation of Tryptase Production and Clinical Impact: Hereditary \u03b1 Tryptasemia, Mastocytosis and Beyond. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052458"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006157","article-title":"Hereditary \u03b1 tryptasemia is a valid genetic biomarker for severe mediator-related symptoms in mastocytosis","volume":"137","author":"Greiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.12.1356","article-title":"Prolonged elevation of serum tryptase in idiopathic anaphylaxis","volume":"117","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.180","article-title":"Interleukin 13 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to asthma: A meta-regression and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Omraninava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.7.4705","article-title":"A Comparison of Mediators Released or Generated by IFN-\u03b3-Treated Human Mast Cells Following Aggregation of Fc\u03b3RI or Fc\u03b5RI","volume":"166","author":"Okayama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"965","article-title":"The c-kit receptor, stem cell factor, and mast cells. What each is teaching us about the others","volume":"142","author":"Galli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1460","article-title":"Mast-cell responses to pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Marshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2656","article-title":"TLR3-induced activation of mast cells modulates CD8+ T-cell recruitment","volume":"106","author":"Orinska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.4.1693","article-title":"C3a and C5a are chemotaxins for human mast cells and act through distinct receptors via a pertussis toxin-sensitive signal transduction pathway","volume":"157","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"686","article-title":"Mastocytosis\u2014A Disease of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell","volume":"105","author":"Horny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1409760","article-title":"Mast Cells, Mastocytosis, and Related Disorders","volume":"373","author":"Theoharides","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-078097","article-title":"Mast cells and mastocytosis","volume":"112","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-09-731893","article-title":"Mastocytosis: 2016 updated WHO classification and novel emerging treatment concepts","volume":"129","author":"Valent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.034","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations in patients with mastocytosis: Consensus report of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis; the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; and the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology","volume":"137","author":"Hartmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-249979","article-title":"WHO subvariants of indolent mastocytosis: Clinical details and prognostic evaluation in 159 consecutive adults","volume":"115","author":"Pardanani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2011.06.002","article-title":"Mastocytosis and related disorders","volume":"29","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000048189","article-title":"Mastocytosis: Current Treatment Concepts","volume":"127","author":"Worobec","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.24319","article-title":"Immunohistochemical properties of bone marrow mast cells in systemic mastocytosis: Evidence for expression of CD2, CD117\/Kit, and bcl-xL","volume":"32","author":"Jordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1309\/CX45R79PCU9HCV6V","article-title":"Delineation of Patterns of Bone Marrow Mast Cell Infiltration in Systemic Mastocytosis","volume":"124","author":"Krokowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2014.01.006","article-title":"CD30 in Systemic Mastocytosis","volume":"34","author":"Kluin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaa006","article-title":"Physiology and pathology of T-cell aging","volume":"32","author":"Minato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51872","article-title":"Cytogenetic and molecular aberrations and worse outcome for male patients in systemic mastocytosis","volume":"11","author":"Jawhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12544","article-title":"Current treatment options in patients with mastocytosis: Status in 2015 and future perspectives","volume":"94","author":"Arock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.158","article-title":"Activation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway by microRNA-22 results in CLL B-cell proliferation","volume":"29","author":"Palacios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015545","article-title":"KIT mutation in mast cells and other bone marrow hematopoietic cell lineages in systemic mast cell disorders: A prospective study of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA) in a series of 113 patients","volume":"108","author":"Teodosio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1837109","article-title":"Practical management of adverse events in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis receiving midostaurin","volume":"21","author":"Gotlib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-155200","article-title":"High-affinity neurotrophin receptors and ligands promote leukemogenesis","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.6.2052","article-title":"Nerve growth factor functions as a chemoattractant for mast cells through both mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways","volume":"95","author":"Sawada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-469882","article-title":"Increased circulating levels of neurotrophins and elevated expression of their high-affinity receptors on skin and gut mast cells in mastocytosis","volume":"122","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73871","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18027","article-title":"Activation of TRKA receptor elicits mastocytosis in mice and is involved in the development of resistance to KIT-targeted therapy","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-359984","article-title":"mTORC1 and mTORC2 differentially regulate homeostasis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic human mast cells","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2433","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits growth and survival of D816V-mutated c-kit mast cells","volume":"108","author":"Lepelletier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2014.01.001","article-title":"Somatic mutations and epigenetic abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"26","author":"Itzykson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E14-10-1453","article-title":"Regulation of cell proliferation by ERK and signal-dependent nuclear translocation of ERK is dependent on Tm5NM1-containing actin filaments","volume":"26","author":"Schevzov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.095133","article-title":"SRSF2-p95 hotspot mutation is highly associated with advanced forms of mastocytosis and mutations in epigenetic regulator genes","volume":"99","author":"Hanssens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.284","article-title":"Additional mutations in SRSF2, ASXL1 and\/or RUNX1 identify a high-risk group of patients with KIT D816V+ advanced systemic mastocytosis","volume":"30","author":"Jawhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.031690","article-title":"Clonal analysis of NRAS activating mutations in KIT-D816V systemic mastocytosis","volume":"96","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z. (2021). New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Systemic Mastocytosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094900"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vita, S., Schneider, R.K., Garcia, M., Wood, J., Gavillet, M., Ebert, B.L., Gerbaulet, A., Roers, A., Levine, R.L., and Mullally, A. (2014). Loss of Function of TET2 Cooperates with Constitutively Active KIT in Murine and Human Models of Mastocytosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096209"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.183","article-title":"SETD2 and histone H3 lysine 36 methylation deficiency in advanced systemic mastocytosis","volume":"32","author":"Martinelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171151","article-title":"Expression of mutant Asxl1 perturbs hematopoiesis and promotes susceptibility to leukemic transformation","volume":"215","author":"Nagase","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2005.08.015","article-title":"A novel K509I mutation of KIT identified in familial mastocytosis\u2014In vitro and in vivo responsiveness to imatinib therapy","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.015156","article-title":"A germline mutation in KIT in familial diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2011.05.009","article-title":"Novel, activating KIT-N822I mutation in familial cutaneous mastocytosis","volume":"39","author":"Wasag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.12.007","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for KIT D816V positive mastocytosis","volume":"108","author":"Kristensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000444942","article-title":"Mast Cell-Targeted Strategies in Cancer Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Ammendola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.03.013","article-title":"Modulation of mammary tumor vascularization by mast cells: Ultrasonographic and histopathological approaches","volume":"176","author":"Gama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"357027","article-title":"Imatinib: A Breakthrough of Targeted Therapy in Cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Iqbal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemother. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-016-0408-8","article-title":"The Hidden Side of Disodium Cromolyn: From Mast Cell Stabilizer to an Angiogenic Factor and Antitumor Agent","volume":"64","author":"Cimpean","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"8910","article-title":"Possible biological and translational significance of mast cells density in colorectal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Marech","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188795","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1188795","article-title":"Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as an alternative treatment in canine mast cell tumor","volume":"10","author":"Coelho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.5.1741","article-title":"The c-KIT mutation causing human mastocytosis is resistant to STI571 and other KIT kinase inhibitors; kinases with enzymatic site mutations show different inhibitor sensitivity profiles than wild-type kinases and those with regulatory-type mutations","volume":"99","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21996","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis","volume":"107","author":"Droogendijk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0166-4","article-title":"Advanced mast cell disease: An Italian Hematological Multicenter experience","volume":"88","author":"Pagano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2008.12.020","article-title":"Phase II study of imatinib mesylate as therapy for patients with systemic mastocytosis","volume":"33","author":"Cortes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14115-3","article-title":"Imatinib for systemic mast-cell disease","volume":"362","author":"Pardanani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubreuil, P., Letard, S., Ciufolini, M., Gros, L., Humbert, M., Cast\u00e9ran, N., Borge, L., Hajem, B., Lermet, A., and Sippl, W. (2009). Masitinib (AB1010), a Potent and Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Targeting KIT. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007258"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31403-9","article-title":"Masitinib for treatment of severely symptomatic indolent systemic mastocytosis: A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study","volume":"389","author":"Lortholary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21894","article-title":"Masitinib for the treatment of systemic and cutaneous mastocytosis with handicap: A phase 2a study","volume":"85","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"17","article-title":"PKC412--a protein kinase inhibitor with a broad therapeutic potential","volume":"15","author":"Fabbro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anticancer. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao1690","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao1690","article-title":"A precision therapy against cancers driven by KIT\/PDGFRA mutations","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT122","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2021-CT122","article-title":"Abstract CT122: Safety and pharmacokinetics of BLU-263, a next-generation KIT inhibitor, in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"81","author":"Dave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-152770","article-title":"Preclinical Data with KIT D816V Inhibitor Bezuclastinib (CGT9486) Demonstrates High Selectivity and Minimal Brain Penetrance","volume":"138","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.06.003","article-title":"Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: A combined clinical and pathologic approach to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection","volume":"215","author":"Sledge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720972500","article-title":"Systemic mastocytosis with subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema in a Greyhound dog: Case report and review of diagnostic criteria","volume":"33","author":"Aceino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorzan, E., Hanssens, K., Giantin, M., Dacasto, M., and Dubreuil, P. (2015). Mutational Hotspot of TET2, IDH1, IDH2, SRSF2, SF3B1, KRAS, and NRAS from Human Systemic Mastocytosis Are Not Conserved in Canine Mast Cell Tumors. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142450"},{"key":"ref_149","first-page":"245","article-title":"Urticaria pigmentosa-like disease in a dog","volume":"56","author":"Pariser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"892","article-title":"Metastatic Intranasal Mastocytoma in a Dog","volume":"51","author":"Klaser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810387446","article-title":"Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumor","volume":"48","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1973.tb06891.x","article-title":"The prognosis following surgical removal of mastocytomas in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Bostock","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100503","article-title":"Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: Morphologic Grading and Survival Time in 83 Dogs","volume":"21","author":"Patnaik","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810386469","article-title":"Proposal of a 2-Tier Histologic Grading System for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors to More Accurately Predict Biological Behavior","volume":"48","author":"Kiupel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.7.765","article-title":"Comparison of 2- and 3-category histologic grading systems for predicting the presence of metastasis at the time of initial evaluation in dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors: 386 cases (2009\u20132014)","volume":"246","author":"Stefanello","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700606","article-title":"Variation among Pathologists in the Histologic Grading of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors with Uniform Use of a Single Grading Reference","volume":"17","author":"Northrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-5-557","article-title":"Mast cell tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in 39 dogs","volume":"39","author":"Ozaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"1587","article-title":"[Bone changes in thyrotoxicosis]","volume":"56","author":"Ejima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"362","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: The Importance of the Mitotic Index as a Prognostic Factor for Survival of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: A Validation Study","volume":"46","author":"Elston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211058825","article-title":"Canine mast cell tumors: Utility of stereologic tools in cytology","volume":"34","author":"Marcos","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-9-9","article-title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Cutaneous mast cell tumor (Mastocytoma): Cyto- histopathological and haematological investigations","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1627-1634","article-title":"Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors","volume":"13","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.8.936","article-title":"Biological behavior of oral and perioral mast cell tumors in dogs: 44 cases (1996\u20132006)","volume":"237","author":"Hillman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818789466","article-title":"Cutaneous Tumors in Swiss Dogs: Retrospective Data From the Swiss Canine Cancer Registry, 2008\u20132013","volume":"55","author":"Graf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)95006-3","article-title":"Mast Cell Proteases","volume":"95","author":"Pejler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0586","article-title":"Proliferative Activity of Canine Mast Cell Tumours Evaluated by Bromodeoxyuridine Incorporation and Ki-67 Expression","volume":"127","author":"Sakai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100602","article-title":"Prognosis of Canine Mast Cell Tumors: A Comparison of Three Methods","volume":"31","author":"Simoes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.08.1418","article-title":"Frequency of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in fine-needle aspirates and biopsy specimens from mast cell tumors in dogs","volume":"209","author":"Kravis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900503","article-title":"Correlation of DNA Ploidy to Tumor Histologic Grade, Clinical Variables, and Survival in Dogs with Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"29","author":"Ayl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-1-40","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and Clinical Evaluation of p53 in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"37","author":"Jaffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, J.D., Kiupel, M., and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V. (2006). Evaluation of the kinase domain of c-KIT in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. BMC Cancer, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-85"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40-3-268","article-title":"Morphometry of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"40","author":"Strefezzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2005.00726.x","article-title":"Impact of Tumour Depth, Tumour Location and Multiple Synchronous Masses on the Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours","volume":"52","author":"Kiupel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.401","article-title":"Prognostic factors for survival of dogs with inguinal and perineal mast cell tumors treated surgically with or without adjunctive treatment: 68 cases (1994\u20132002)","volume":"225","author":"Cahalane","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-4-371","article-title":"The Use of KIT and Tryptase Expression Patterns as Prognostic Tools for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"41","author":"Kiupel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815610388","article-title":"Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Expression Profiles in Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"53","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-3-298","article-title":"Cellular Proliferation in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: Associations with c-KIT and Its Role in Prognostication","volume":"44","author":"Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12140","article-title":"Recurrence rates and clinical outcome for dogs with grade II mast cell tumours with a low AgNOR count and Ki67 index treated with surgery alone","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Nardi, A.B., Horta, R.d.S., Fonseca-Alves, C.E., de Paiva, F.N., Linhares, L.C.M., Firmo, B.F., Sueiro, F.A.R., de Oliveira, K.D., Louren\u00e7o, S.V., and Strefezzi, R.D.F. (2022). Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040618"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meuten, D.J. (2016). Tumors in Domestic Animals, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01839.x","article-title":"Correlation of Ultrasound Findings, Liver and Spleen Cytology, and Prognosis in the Clinical Staging of High Metastatic Risk Canine Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"52","author":"Book","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.10.004","article-title":"Utility of flow cytometry in canine primary cutaneous and matched nodal mast cell tumor","volume":"242","author":"Sulce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1998.4636","article-title":"CD30 in Normal and Neoplastic Cells","volume":"90","author":"Chiarle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12260","article-title":"IL-4 downregulates expression of the target receptor CD30 in neoplastic canine mast cells","volume":"15","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00823-x","article-title":"Ki-67 gene expression","volume":"28","author":"Uxa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01641","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01641","article-title":"Ki-67 is a PP1-interacting protein that organises the mitotic chromosome periphery","volume":"3","author":"Booth","year":"2014","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026507118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026507118","article-title":"Ki-67 regulates global gene expression and promotes sequential stages of carcinogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Mrouj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makii, R., Cook, H., Louke, D., Breitbach, J., Jennings, R., Premanandan, C., Green, E.M., and Fenger, J.M. (2020). Characterization of WWOX expression and function in canine mast cell tumors and malignant mast cell lines. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02638-3"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609783104","article-title":"Targeted deletion of Wwox reveals a tumor suppressor function","volume":"104","author":"Aqeilan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.389","article-title":"Wwox\u2013Brca1 interaction: Role in DNA repair pathway choice","volume":"36","author":"Schrock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.336","article-title":"In vitro effects of histamine receptor 1 antagonists on proliferation and histamine release in canine neoplastic mast cells","volume":"7","author":"Gamperl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Magan\u00f1a, A., and Blanco, F.J. (2020). Human PCNA Structure, Function and Interactions. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040570"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6960","article-title":"Prognostic Indicators and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery Alone: 43 Cases","volume":"56","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.495","article-title":"Role of \u03b21 Integrins in Adhesion of Canine Mastocytoma Cells to Extracellular Matrix Proteins","volume":"69","author":"Takahashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01104.x","article-title":"Integrin VLA-5: Modulator and activator of mast cells","volume":"31","author":"Houtman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99911","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99911","article-title":"The evolving relationship of wound healing and tumor stroma","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2008.06.002","article-title":"Targeting of heat-shock protein 32\/heme oxygenase-1 in canine mastocytoma cells is associated with reduced growth and induction of apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Hadzijusufovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-054411","article-title":"Identification of heat shock protein 32 (Hsp32) as a novel survival factor and therapeutic target in neoplastic mast cells","volume":"110","author":"Kondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01913","article-title":"A high-affinity conformation of Hsp90 confers tumour selectivity on Hsp90 inhibitors","volume":"425","author":"Kamal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1716","article-title":"HSP90 and the chaperoning of cancer","volume":"5","author":"Whitesell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2966","article-title":"Targeting the Molecular Chaperone Heat Shock Protein 90 Provides a Multifaceted Effect on Diverse Cell Signaling Pathways of Cancer Cells","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2008.05.001","article-title":"The novel HSP90 inhibitor STA-9090 exhibits activity against Kit-dependent and -independent malignant mast cell tumors","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8637-6","article-title":"Mcl-1 is a potential therapeutic target in multiple types of cancer","volume":"66","author":"Akgul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.5.1756","article-title":"Apoptosis is rapidly triggered by antisense depletion of MCL-1 in differentiating U937 cells","volume":"96","author":"Moulding","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maekawa, N., Konnai, S., Ikebuchi, R., Okagawa, T., Adachi, M., Takagi, S., Kagawa, Y., Nakajima, C., Suzuki, Y., and Murata, S. (2014). Expression of PD-L1 on Canine Tumor Cells and Enhancement of IFN-\u03b3 Production from Tumor-Infiltrating Cells by PD-L1 Blockade. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098415"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-008-0364-8","article-title":"B7-H1 up-regulated expression in human pancreatic carcinoma tissue associates with tumor progression","volume":"134","author":"Geng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200694","article-title":"Safety and Activity of Anti-PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"366","author":"Brahmer","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq571","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis suggest candidate susceptibility genes","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D941","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1015","article-title":"COSMIC: The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer","volume":"47","author":"Tate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arendt, M.L., Melin, M., Tonomura, N., Koltookian, M., Courtay-Cahen, C., Flindall, N., Bass, J., Boerkamp, K., Megquir, K., and Youell, L. (2015). Genome-Wide Association Study of Golden Retrievers Identifies Germ-Line Risk Factors Predisposing to Mast Cell Tumours. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005647"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson, M., Meadows, J.R.S., Truv\u00e9, K., Pielberg, G.R., Puppo, F., Mauceli, E., Quilez, J., Tonomura, N., Zanna, G., and Docampo, M.J. (2011). A Novel Unstable Duplication Upstream of HAS2 Predisposes to a Breed-Defining Skin Phenotype and a Periodic Fever Syndrome in Chinese Shar-Pei Dogs. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001332"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12358","article-title":"Intravesical hyaluronidase causes chronic cystitis in a rat model: A potential model of bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"21","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.111","article-title":"Expression of the MDR1 Gene and P-Glycoprotein in Canine Mast Cell Tumor Cell Lines","volume":"69","author":"Nakaichi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137S","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1994.25","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Human Piebaldism","volume":"103","author":"Spritz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.07.011","article-title":"Differential activity of c-KIT splice forms is controlled by extracellular peptide insert length","volume":"25","author":"Phung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12430","article-title":"Canine T cell lymphoma treated with lomustine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisolone chemotherapy in 35 dogs","volume":"16","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18250","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4213","article-title":"Mastocytosis: A mutated KIT receptor induced myeloproliferative disorder","volume":"6","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2011","article-title":"Stem Cell Factor Receptor\/c-Kit: From Basic Science to Clinical Implications","volume":"92","author":"Lennartsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-08-0067","article-title":"Gain-of-Function Mutations in the Extracellular Domain of KIT Are Common in Canine Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"6","author":"Letard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-016-9543-7","article-title":"Genomic profiling of canine mast cell tumors identifies DNA copy number aberrations associated with KIT mutations and high histological grade","volume":"25","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chromosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Marconato, L., Sabattini, S., and Kiupel, M. (2022). Mutations in Exons 8 and 11 of c-kit Gene in Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors and Their Association with Cell Proliferation. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9090493"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01971-8","article-title":"Mutant p53 gain of function mediates cancer immune escape that is counteracted by APR-246","volume":"127","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.03.005","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic value of c-kit and TP53 mutations in canine mast cell tumours","volume":"247","author":"Vozdova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biasoli, D., Compston-Garnett, L., Ricketts, S.L., Birand, Z., Courtay-Cahen, C., Fineberg, E., Arendt, M., Boerkamp, K., Melin, M., and Koltookian, M. (2019). A synonymous germline variant in a gene encoding a cell adhesion molecule is associated with cutaneous mast cell tumour development in Labrador and Golden Retrievers. PLoS Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007967"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0025","article-title":"Increased Expression of the Antiapoptotic Protein MCL1 in Canine Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"75","author":"Amagai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0210-y","article-title":"Identification of additional mitochondrial DNA mutations in canine mast cell tumours","volume":"58","author":"Surdyka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589303000207","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Identification of Myoepithelial, Epithelial, and Connective Tissue Cells in Canine Mammary Tumors","volume":"30","author":"Destexhe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, D., Kehl, A., M\u00fcller, T., Klopfleisch, R., and Aupperle-Lellbach, H. (2023). Immunohistochemical and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Canine Digital Mast Cell Tumours. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101694"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985820973463","article-title":"Internal Tandem Duplication of Exon 8 of c-kit Is Associated With Longer Total Survival in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"58","author":"Brocks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.11.009","article-title":"Genomic copy number variation associated with clinical outcome in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors","volume":"111","author":"Jark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giantin, M., Granato, A., Baratto, C., Marconato, L., Vascellari, M., Morello, E.M., Vercelli, A., Mutinelli, F., and Dacasto, M. (2014). Global Gene Expression Analysis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: Could Molecular Profiling Be Useful for Subtype Classification and Prognostication?. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095481"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shubbar, E., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Hajizadeh, S., Parris, T.Z., Nemes, S., Gunnarsd\u00f3ttir, K., Einbeigi, Z., Karlsson, P., and Helou, K. (2013). Elevated cyclin B2 expression in invasive breast carcinoma is associated with unfavorable clinical outcome. BMC Cancer, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-1"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-0712","article-title":"FOX(M1) News\u2014It Is Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Halasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319180005","article-title":"Cdc20: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Target for Cancer Treatment","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi, G., Pathak, H.B., Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Einarson, M.B., Vathipadiekal, V., Gunewardena, S., Birrer, M.J., and Godwin, A.K. (2012). An RNA Interference Lethality Screen of the Human Druggable Genome to Identify Molecular Vulnerabilities in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047086"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espinosa, A.M., Alfaro, A., Roman-Basaure, E., Guardado-Estrada, M., Palma, \u00cd., Serralde, C., Medina, I., Ju\u00e1rez, E., Berm\u00fadez, M., and M\u00e1rquez, E. (2013). Mitosis Is a Source of Potential Markers for Screening and Survival and Therapeutic Targets in Cervical Cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/36613e7a-41fa-4199-87eb-40214100b4cb"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2008.40.3.345","article-title":"Transcriptional targeting of gene expression in breast cancer by the promoters of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 and ribonuclease reductase 2","volume":"40","author":"Yun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0860-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of centromere protein-A expression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"34","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1983","article-title":"UBE2S elongates ubiquitin chains on APC\/C substrates to promote mitotic exit","volume":"11","author":"Garnett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/795410","article-title":"Mutational spectrum of Gelsolin and its down regulation is associated with breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"Baig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514090","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2514090","article-title":"Upregulation of FEN1 Is Associated with the Tumor Progression and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pulz, L.H., Barra, C.N., Alexandre, P.A., Huete, G.C., Cadrobbi, K.G., Nishiya, A.T., de Freitas, S.H., Fukumasu, H., and Strefezzi, R.F. (2019). Identification of two molecular subtypes in canine mast cell tumours through gene expression profiling. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217343"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10413","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase: Properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell","volume":"88","author":"Kagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1877","article-title":"Fibroblasts in cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kalluri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1427","article-title":"The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases","volume":"200","author":"Gabbiani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.024","article-title":"Tumor Metastasis: Molecular Insights and Evolving Paradigms","volume":"147","author":"Valastyan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daves, M.H., Hilsenbeck, S.G., Lau, C.C., and Man, T.-K. (2011). Meta-analysis of multiple microarray datasets reveals a common gene signature of metastasis in solid tumors. BMC Med. Genom., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-4-56"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blacklock, K.B., Birand, Z., Biasoli, D., Fineberg, E., Murphy, S., Flack, D., Bass, J., Di Palma, S., Blackwood, L., and McKay, J. (2018). Identification of molecular genetic contributants to canine cutaneous mast cell tumour metastasis by global gene expression analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208026"},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"807","article-title":"SDPR induces membrane curvature and functions in the formation of caveolae","volume":"11","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"2325","article-title":"Transfection of human nm23-H1 into the human MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cell line: Effects on tumor metastatic potential, colonization and enzymatic activity","volume":"8","author":"Leone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11207","article-title":"SHARP1 suppresses breast cancer metastasis by promoting degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors","volume":"487","author":"Montagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2940","article-title":"LIFR is a breast cancer metastasis suppressor upstream of the Hippo-YAP pathway and a prognostic marker","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenger, J.M., Bear, M.D., Volinia, S., Lin, T.-Y., Harrington, B.K., A London, C., and Kisseberth, W.C. (2014). Overexpression of miR-9 in mast cells is associated with invasive behavior and spontaneous metastasis. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-84"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"4127","article-title":"Motility related protein 1 (MRP-1\/CD9) expression: Inverse correlation with metastases in breast cancer","volume":"55","author":"Miyake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.09.027","article-title":"Differential Remodeling of Actin Cytoskeleton Architecture by Profilin Isoforms Leads to Distinct Effects on Cell Migration and Invasion","volume":"22","author":"Mouneimne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-013-1452-y","article-title":"Plakophilin-associated RNA-binding proteins in prostate cancer and their implications in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"463","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28693","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4981","article-title":"Molecular and clinical profiles of syndecan-1 in solid and hematological cancer for prognosis and precision medicine","volume":"6","author":"Akl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-07-0551","article-title":"Modulation of Epithelial Morphology, Monolayer Permeability, and Cell Migration by Growth Arrest Specific 3\/Peripheral Myelin Protein 22","volume":"16","author":"Roux","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq776","article-title":"Human box C\/D snoRNAs with miRNA like functions: Expanding the range of regulatory RNAs","volume":"39","author":"Brameier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00147-X","article-title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy following chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer versus chemoradiotherapy alone (OUTBACK): An international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"24","author":"Mileshkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30608-3","article-title":"Dacomitinib versus gefitinib as first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (ARCHER 1050): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habanjar, O., Diab-Assaf, M., Caldefie-Chezet, F., and Delort, L. (2022). The Impact of Obesity, Adipose Tissue, and Tumor Microenvironment on Macrophage Polarization and Metastasis. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11020339"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.11.22","article-title":"Epigenetics lifestyle","volume":"3","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-013-1373-5","article-title":"Cancer genomics identifies disrupted epigenetic genes","volume":"133","author":"Esteller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12428","article-title":"Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases","volume":"93","author":"Kabekkodu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.51344","article-title":"Transplantation of autologous extracellular vesicles for cancer-specific targeting","volume":"11","author":"Villa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahan, S., Mukherjee, S., Ali, S., Bhardwaj, U., Choudhary, R.K., Balakrishnan, S., Naseem, A., Mir, S.A., Banawas, S., and Alaidarous, M. (2022). Pioneer Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Cancer Initiation in Progression, Drug Therapy, and Vaccine Prospects. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11030490"},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2020.03.007","article-title":"Exosomes as a Multicomponent Biomarker Platform in Cancer","volume":"6","author":"LeBleu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.004","article-title":"Exosomes: Key mediators of metastasis and pre-metastatic niche formation","volume":"67","author":"Lobb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucchetti, D., Tenore, C.R., Colella, F., and Sgambato, A. (2020). Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer: A Focus on Metabolism, Cytokines, and Immunity. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010171"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18389","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v1i0.18389","article-title":"Characterization of mRNA and microRNA in human mast cell-derived exosomes and their transfer to other mast cells and blood CD34 progenitor cells","volume":"1","author":"Valadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083174","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1083174","article-title":"Plasma small extracellular vesicles from dogs affected by cutaneous mast cell tumors deliver high levels of miR-21-5p","volume":"9","author":"Zamboni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.47203","article-title":"miRNA-based biomarkers, therapies, and resistance in Cancer","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, P., Crepps, M.P., Stahr, N.A., Kretzschmar, W.P., Harris, H.C., Prasad, N., Levy, S.E., and Smith, B.F. (2021). Identification of canine circulating miRNAs as tumor biospecific markers using Next-Generation Sequencing and Q-RT-PCR. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101106"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-021-09652-7","article-title":"CEA, CA 15-3, and miRNA expression as potential biomarkers in canine mammary tumors","volume":"29","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chromosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.433","article-title":"MicroRNA-221\u2013222 Regulate the Cell Cycle in Mast Cells","volume":"182","author":"Mayoral","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayoral, R.J., Deho, L., Rusca, N., Bartonicek, N., Saini, H.K., Enright, A.J., and Monticelli, S. (2011). MiR-221 Influences Effector Functions and Actin Cytoskeleton in Mast Cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026133"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75877-x","article-title":"miRNA profiles of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours with early nodal metastasis and evaluation as potential biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Zamarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858221128922","article-title":"Salivary miR-21 is a potential biomarker for canine mast cell tumors","volume":"60","author":"Zamarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.2003","article-title":"Let-7g and miR-21 expression in non-small cell lung cancer: Correlation with clinicopathological and molecular features","volume":"43","author":"Capodanno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3629","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-293548","article-title":"KIT signaling regulates MITF expression through miRNAs in normal and malignant mast cell proliferation","volume":"117","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_283","first-page":"49","article-title":"Canine mast cell tumors: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis","volume":"5","author":"Garrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1120","article-title":"Clinical outcome of dogs with grade-II mast cell tumors treated with surgery alone: 55 cases (1996\u20131999)","volume":"218","author":"Leibman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12321","article-title":"Comparison of histologic margin status in low-grade cutaneous and subcutaneous canine mast cell tumours examined by radial and tangential sections","volume":"16","author":"Dores","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2022.124252","article-title":"AgNOR patterns and configurations in adult acute leukemia patients","volume":"47","author":"Gajewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Central Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12266","article-title":"Concordance of c-kit Mutational Status in Matched Primary and Metastatic Cutaneous Canine Mast Cell Tumors at Baseline","volume":"28","author":"Marconato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12069","article-title":"Heterogeneity of internal tandem duplications in the c-kit of dogs with multiple mast cell tumours","volume":"54","author":"Amagai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-79-19475","article-title":"Effect of Cortisone on Mast Cell Tumors (Mastocytoma) of the Dog","volume":"79","author":"Bloom","year":"1952","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03259.x","article-title":"Response of Canine Mast Cell Tumors to Treatment With Oral Prednisone","volume":"8","author":"McCaw","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0190.x","article-title":"Masitinib is Safe and Effective for the Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors","volume":"22","author":"Hahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Veter. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02217.x","article-title":"Treatment of Canine Mast Cell Tumors with CCNU (Lomustine)","volume":"13","author":"Rassnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_293","unstructured":"Chun, R. (2007). Withrow & MacEwen\u2019s Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.55760","article-title":"Molecular targets for anticancer therapies in companion animals and humans: What can we learn from each other?","volume":"11","author":"Kromhout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2011.00275.x","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for biologic activity of toceranib phosphate (Palladia\u00ae) in solid tumours","volume":"10","author":"London","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2165\/11318860-000000000-00000","article-title":"Sunitinib","volume":"23","author":"Papaetis","year":"2009","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_297","first-page":"e54760","article-title":"Operating Procedures of the Electrochemotherapy for Treatment of Tumor in Dogs and Cats","volume":"116","author":"Tozon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcsup.2006.08.003","article-title":"Standard operating procedures of the electrochemotherapy: Instructions for the use of bleomycin or cisplatin administered either systemically or locally and electric pulses delivered by the CliniporatorTM by means of invasive or non-invasive electrodes","volume":"4","author":"Mir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Suppl."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-33-4-320","article-title":"Radiotherapy of incompletely resected, moderately differentiated mast cell tumors in the dog: 37 cases (1989\u20131993)","volume":"33","author":"Frimberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haythornthwaite, B. (2022). What prognostic information does flow cytometry provide in canine B-cell lymphoma?. Vet. Evid., 7.","DOI":"10.18849\/ve.v7i1.381"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16264","article-title":"Outcomes of adjunctive radiation therapy for the treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs and assessment of toxicity: A multicenter observational study of 300 dogs","volume":"35","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1476-5829.2003.00014.x","article-title":"Sarcoma development after radiotherapy in two dogs","volume":"1","author":"Mellanby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:17Z","timestamp":1760104037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/1\/137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"references-count":302,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15010137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15010137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]}}}