{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:57Z","timestamp":1787028237693,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of obesity and sarcopenia, with diagnostic criteria defined as impaired skeletal muscle function and altered body composition (e.g., increased fat mass and reduced muscle mass). The mechanism of SO is not yet perfectly understood; however, the pathogenesis includes aging and its complications, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and hormonal changes. Genetic background is apparent in the pathogenesis of isolated obesity, which is most often polygenic and is characterized by the additive effect of various genetic factors. The genetic etiology has not been strictly established in SO. Still, many data confirm the existence of pathogenic gene variants, e.g., Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene (FTO), beta-2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene, melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and others with obesity. The literature on the role of these genes is scarce, and their role has not yet been thoroughly established. On the other hand, the involvement of systemic inflammation due to increased adipose tissue in SO plays a significant role in its pathophysiology through the synthesis of various cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-1Ra, IL-15, adiponectin or CRP. The lack of anti-inflammatory cytokine (e.g., IL-15) can increase SO risk, but further studies are needed to evaluate the exact mechanisms of implications of various cytokines in SO individuals. This manuscript analyses various immunogenetic and non-genetic factors and summarizes the recent findings on immunogenetics potentially impacting SO development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15020206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T05:22:44Z","timestamp":1707110564000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Immunogenetic Aspects of Sarcopenic Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8104-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Mazurkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5006-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystian","family":"Czernikiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogna","family":"Grygiel-G\u00f3rniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000521241","article-title":"Definition and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement","volume":"15","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Revised European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Bahat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13534","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13534","article-title":"Deciphering the \u201cObesity Paradox\u201d in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Rev. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Study Obes."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.06.009","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.024","article-title":"Critical Appraisal of Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenic Obesity Based on a Systematic Review","volume":"39","author":"Donini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.01.005","article-title":"Prevalence of Sarcopenic Obesity and Sarcopenic Overweight in the General Population: The Lifelines Cohort Study","volume":"40","author":"Wagenaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185221","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1185221","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Disease, Mortality, and Management","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Berens, \u00c5., Obling, S.R., Nydahl, M., Koochek, A., Lissner, L., Skoog, I., Fr\u00e4ndin, K., Skoglund, E., Rothenberg, E., and Cederholm, T. (2020). Sarcopenic Obesity and Associations with Mortality in Older Women and Men\u2014A Prospective Observational Study. BMC Geriatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01578-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00568","article-title":"Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111022","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets?","volume":"139","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2000). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation. World Health, World Health Organization. pp. i\u2013xii, 1\u2013253."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western (2000). The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment, Health Communications Australia."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328333c1c1","article-title":"Understanding Sarcopenia as a Geriatric Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Landi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makizako, H. (2019). Frailty and Sarcopenia as a Geriatric Syndrome in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16204013"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.60","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sarcopenia and Insight into Possible Therapeutic Targets","volume":"13","author":"Dennison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1267-x","article-title":"Differences in the Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling, Nursing Home and Hospitalized Individuals. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: An Undiagnosed Condition in Older Adults. Current Consensus Definition: Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.229","article-title":"Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass: Effects of Age, Gender, and Ethnicity","volume":"83","author":"Gallagher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sarcopenia among the Elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu010","article-title":"The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates","volume":"69","author":"Studenski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13115","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for Sarcopenia Prevention, Diagnosis and Management in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"Zanker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982703","article-title":"The Developmental Origins of Sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Sayer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155557","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Youth","volume":"144","author":"Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx245","article-title":"Associations of Sarcopenia Definitions, and Their Components, with the Incidence of Recurrent Falling and Fractures: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam","volume":"73","author":"Schaap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0844-5","article-title":"Cut-off Points for Muscle Mass\u2014Not Grip Strength or Gait Speed\u2014Determine Variations in Sarcopenia Prevalence","volume":"21","author":"Artaza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12268","article-title":"Pitfalls in the Measurement of Muscle Mass: A Need for a Reference Standard","volume":"9","author":"Buckinx","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-013-0126-6","article-title":"Availability and Use of Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Bio-Impedance Analysis (BIA) for the Evaluation of Sarcopenia by Belgian and Latin American Geriatricians","volume":"5","author":"Vandewoude","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-2395-3-9","article-title":"It Is Not Just Muscle Mass: A Review of Muscle Quality, Composition and Metabolism during Ageing as Determinants of Muscle Function and Mobility in Later Life","volume":"3","author":"McGregor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Longev. Healthspan"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Grip Strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.05.009","article-title":"Applicability and Agreement of Different Diagnostic Criteria for Sarcopenia Estimation in the Elderly","volume":"59","author":"Pagotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu013","article-title":"An Evidence-Based Comparison of Operational Criteria for the Presence of Sarcopenia","volume":"69","author":"Dam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/crt2.22","article-title":"Definition-Specific Prevalence Estimates for Sarcopenia in an Australian Population: The Geelong Osteoporosis Study","volume":"5","author":"Sui","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCSM Clin. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04719.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sarcopenia","volume":"48","author":"Melton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.113504","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"137","author":"Morley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M772","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.12.M772","article-title":"Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Predictors of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Healthy, Older Men and Women","volume":"57","author":"Prestwood","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Alternative Definitions and Associations with Lower Extremity Function","volume":"51","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50216.x","article-title":"Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability","volume":"50","author":"Janssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(03)00197-1","article-title":"Sarcopenia in Elderly Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study","volume":"25","author":"Castillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh058","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Cutpoints Associated with Elevated Physical Disability Risk in Older Men and Women","volume":"159","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.00540.x","article-title":"Influence of Sarcopenia on the Development of Physical Disability: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"54","author":"Janssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.250","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity Predicts Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Disability in the Elderly","volume":"12","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.109","article-title":"Sarcopenic\/Obesity and Physical Capacity in Older Men and Women: Data from the Nutrition as a Determinant of Successful Aging (NuAge)-the Quebec Longitudinal Study","volume":"17","author":"Bouchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000490361","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity: Time to Meet the Challenge","volume":"11","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.107","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity: The Confluence of Two Epidemics","volume":"12","author":"Roubenoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodds, R.M., Syddall, H.E., Cooper, R., Benzeval, M., Deary, I.J., Dennison, E.M., Der, G., Gale, C.R., Inskip, H.M., and Jagger, C. (2014). Grip Strength across the Life Course: Normative Data from Twelve British Studies. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M930","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.9.M930","article-title":"Does Sarcopenia Originate in Early Life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study","volume":"59","author":"Sayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4493817","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4493817","article-title":"The Critical Role of Oxidative Stress in Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"2021","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120007119","article-title":"Inflammation and Metabolism: The Role of Adiposity in Sarcopenic Obesity","volume":"79","author":"Lynch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00627.2006","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity and Inflammation in the InCHIANTI Study","volume":"102","author":"Schrager","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, B., Sultana, R., and Greene, M.W. (2021). Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111315"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2012.06.018","article-title":"Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1) in Obesity and Diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Panee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2630","article-title":"CC Chemokine and CC Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Are Altered in Human Obesity","volume":"93","author":"Huber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-1955-5","article-title":"Macrophage Function in Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance","volume":"469","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2018.015","article-title":"M1\/M2 Macrophage Polarization in Human Obese Adipose Tissue","volume":"162","author":"Chylikova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czechoslov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.-H., and Choi, K.M. (2020). Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020494"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811751","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.811751","article-title":"Exercise Therapy for People with Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11773","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011773","article-title":"Association between -174G>C Polymorphism in the IL-6 Promoter Region and the Risk of Obesity: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-022-08129-y","article-title":"Obesity Is Associated with IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms Rs1800795 and Rs1800796 but Not SOCS3 Rs4969170","volume":"50","author":"Koc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luotola, K. (2022). IL-1 Receptor Antagonist (IL-1Ra) Levels and Management of Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163422"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1155\/MI.2005.245","article-title":"Age-Related Modifications in Circulating IL-15 Levels in Humans","volume":"2005","author":"Gangemi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-1645","article-title":"IL-15 Is Required for Postexercise Induction of the pro-Oxidative Mediators PPAR\u03b4 and SIRT1 in Male Mice","volume":"155","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1937","article-title":"Adipocytokines: Mediators Linking Adipose Tissue, Inflammation and Immunity","volume":"6","author":"Tilg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-014-9539-7","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity: Molecular Clues to a Better Understanding of Its Pathogenesis?","volume":"16","author":"Kob","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666161123150032","article-title":"Hormones and Sarcopenia","volume":"23","author":"Morley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00332","article-title":"Health Consequences of Sarcopenic Obesity: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"Roh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.09.003","article-title":"Association between Polygenetic Risk Scores Related to Sarcopenia Risk and Their Interactions with Regular Exercise in a Large Cohort of Korean Adults","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semenova, E.A., Pranckevi\u010dien\u0117, E., Bondareva, E.A., Gabdrakhmanova, L.J., and Ahmetov, I.I. (2023). Identification and Characterization of Genomic Predictors of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity Using UK Biobank Data. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030758"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.1942934","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity as a Determinant of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Older People: A Systematic Review","volume":"133","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328365b9be","article-title":"Ghrelin: Much More than a Hunger Hormone","volume":"16","author":"Pradhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acc.2021.09.006","article-title":"Myostatin: Basic Biology to Clinical Application","volume":"106","author":"Esposito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0437","article-title":"Association between Early Antibiotic Exposure and Risk of Childhood Weight Gain and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Aghaali","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. JPEM"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.01.029","article-title":"Optimizing Antibiotic Therapies to Reduce the Risk of Bacterial Resistance","volume":"99","author":"Bassetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13230","article-title":"Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life and Childhood Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11400","article-title":"Antibiotics in Early Life Alter the Murine Colonic Microbiome and Adiposity","volume":"488","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkins, A.T., and Reimer, R.A. (2021). Obesity, Early Life Gut Microbiota, and Antibiotics. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020413"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17190","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212754200","article-title":"Mitofusin-2 Determines Mitochondrial Network Architecture and Mitochondrial Metabolism. A Novel Regulatory Mechanism Altered in Obesity","volume":"278","author":"Bach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12287","article-title":"Relationship between Sarcopenic Obesity-Related Phenotypes and Inflammatory Markers in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"37","author":"Dutra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204164","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/204164","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity and Endocrinal Adaptation with Age","volume":"2013","author":"Sakuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S422895","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein and Albumin Levels as Useful Tools for Predicting In-Hospital Outcomes in Polish Nonagenarians","volume":"18","author":"Mazurkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Infections and Antibiotic Use in Early Life, and Obesity in Early Childhood: A Mediation Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Ohler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1852","article-title":"Role of Adenoviruses in Obesity","volume":"25","author":"Voss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-017-0251-1","article-title":"Viral Infections and Obesity","volume":"6","author":"Voss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0868","article-title":"Adipogenic Human Adenovirus Ad-36 Induces Commitment, Differentiation, and Lipid Accumulation in Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"26","author":"Pasarica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glz042","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Variation in the Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex","volume":"75","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20918-w","article-title":"Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Muscle Weakness Identifies 15 Susceptibility Loci in Older Men and Women","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A.N., and Gasman, B. (2020). Disentangling the Genetics of Sarcopenia: Prioritization of NUDT3 and KLF5 as Genes for Lean Mass & HLA-DQB1-AS1 for Hand Grip Strength with the Associated Enhancing SNPs & a Scoring System. BMC Med. Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-020-0977-6"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1995-y","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization in Pathology","volume":"72","author":"Sica","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109553","article-title":"N6-Methyladenosine Demethylase FTO Promotes M1 and M2 Macrophage Activation","volume":"69","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McFadden, M.J., Sacco, M.T., Murphy, K.A., Park, M., Gokhale, N.S., Somfleth, K.Y., and Horner, S.M. (2022). FTO Suppresses STAT3 Activation and Modulates Proinflammatory Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression. J. Mol. Biol., 434.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167247"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6020897","article-title":"STAT3 Target Genes Relevant to Human Cancers","volume":"6","author":"Carpenter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04267-2","article-title":"Increased m6A-RNA Methylation and FTO Suppression Is Associated with Myocardial Inflammation and Dysfunction during Endotoxemia in Mice","volume":"477","author":"Dubey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624112","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.624112","article-title":"PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action","volume":"12","author":"Broekema","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917804","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8917804","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders?","volume":"2018","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2005.02.001","article-title":"Association of Plasma Homocysteine with Serum Interleukin-6 and C-Peptide Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"54","author":"Araki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisboa, J.V.d.C., Ribeiro, M.R., Luna, R.C.P., Lima, R.P.A., do Nascimento, R.A.F., Monteiro, M.G.C.A., Lima, K.Q.d.F., Fechine, C.P.N.d.S., de Oliveira, N.F.P., and Persuhn, D.C. (2020). Food Intervention with Folate Reduces TNF-\u03b1 and Interleukin Levels in Overweight and Obese Women with the MTHFR C677T Polymorphism: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020361"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154769","article-title":"Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphisms with Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"123","author":"Gholami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146478","article-title":"Variants in Proinflammatory Genes IL1RL1, IL1B and IRF4 Are Associated with Overweight in a Pediatric Brazilian Population","volume":"828","author":"Melo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maculewicz, E., Antkowiak, B., Antkowiak, O., Borecka, A., Mastalerz, A., Leo\u0144ska-Duniec, A., Humi\u0144ska-Lisowska, K., Micha\u0142owska-Sawczyn, M., Garbacz, A., and Lorenz, K. (2022). The Interactions between Interleukin-1 Family Genes: IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN, and Obesity Parameters. BMC Genom., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08258-x"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00716-0","article-title":"The Promise of New Anti-Obesity Therapies Arising from Knowledge of Genetic Obesity Traits","volume":"18","author":"Hinney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, R., Kimonis, V., and Butler, M.G. (2022). Genetics of Obesity in Humans: A Clinical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911005"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivaprakasam, S., Sikder, M.O.F., Ramalingam, L., Kaur, G., Dufour, J.M., Moustaid-Moussa, N., Wachtel, M.S., and Ganapathy, V. (2021). SLC6A14 Deficiency Is Linked to Obesity, Fatty Liver, and Metabolic Syndrome but Only under Conditions of a High-Fat Diet. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166087"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"27","article-title":"Rola Gen\u00f3w w Powstawaniu Oty\u0142o\u015bci. Wsp\u00f3\u0142czesne Pogl\u0105dy, Patogeneza, Aspekty Kliniczne","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Oty\u0142o\u015b\u0107 Zaburzenia Przemiany Mater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0806-5","article-title":"Use of a Gene Score of Multiple Low-Modest Effect Size Variants Can Predict the Risk of Obesity Better than the Individual SNPs","volume":"17","author":"Shabana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000505662","article-title":"The Combined Effect of Polygenic Risk from FTO and ADRB2 Gene Variants, Odds of Obesity, and Post-Hipcref Diet Differences","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-021-10079-2","article-title":"The Impact of Variants in Four Genes: MC4R, FTO, PPARG and PPARGC1A in Overweight and Obesity in a Large Sample of the Brazilian Population","volume":"59","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1141634","article-title":"A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity","volume":"316","author":"Frayling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559138","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.559138","article-title":"FTO\u2014A Common Genetic Basis for Obesity and Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003649","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003649","article-title":"Genetic Variant Rs9939609 in FTO Is Associated with Body Composition and Obesity Risk in Korean Females","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61406-3","article-title":"Replication of FTO Gene Associated with Lean Mass in a Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies","volume":"10","author":"Ran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59722-9","article-title":"Prevalence and Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Sarcopenia in Older Women Depends on Definition","volume":"10","author":"Khanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0015-9","article-title":"MC4R Agonism Promotes Durable Weight Loss in Patients with Leptin Receptor Deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Biebermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2017.06.015","article-title":"Evaluation of a Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) Agonist (Setmelanotide) in MC4R Deficiency","volume":"6","author":"Collet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S129874","article-title":"Searching for the Relationship between the Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome and the Rs17782313 (T>C) Polymorphism of the MC4R Gene in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"12","author":"Brodowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"213","article-title":"Melanocortin-4 Receptor Rs17782313 Polymorphisms Are Associated with Serum Triglycerides in Older Chinese Women","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, R.P.A., Ribeiro, M.R., de Farias Lima, K.Q., de Sena, E.A., de Oliveira Costa, D., Luna, R.C.P., do Nascimento, R.A.F., da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Rodrigues Gon\u00e7alves, M., de Toledo Vianna, R.P., and de Moraes, R.M. (2019). Methylation Profile of the ADRB3 Gene and Its Association with Lipid Profile and Nutritional Status in Adults. Biol. Res., 52.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-019-0226-7"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01290-y","article-title":"The Trp64Arg Polymorphism in \u03923 Adrenergic Receptor (ADRB3) Gene Is Associated with Adipokines and Plasma Lipids: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.07.010","article-title":"Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the ADRB3 Gene Associated with Maximal Fat Oxidation and LDL-C Levels in Non-Obese Adolescents","volume":"94","author":"Alle","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Hedstr\u00f6m, D., Priego, T., Amor, S., de la Fuente-Fern\u00e1ndez, M., Mart\u00edn, A.I., L\u00f3pez-Calder\u00f3n, A., Inarejos-Garc\u00eda, A.M., Garc\u00eda-Villal\u00f3n, \u00c1.L., and Granado, M. (2021). Olive Leaf Extract Supplementation to Old Wistar Rats Attenuates Aging-Induced Sarcopenia and Increases Insulin Sensitivity in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050737"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1110","article-title":"The ADRB3 Trp64Arg Variant and Obesity in African-American Breast Cancer Cases","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-018-0434-9","article-title":"Gene-Diet-Related Factors of Hyperglycaemia in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"59","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-017-0877-4","article-title":"The Gene-Diet Associations in Postmenopausal Women with Newly Diagnosed Dyslipidemia","volume":"21","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2008.09.004","article-title":"Relation of Trp64Arg Polymorphism of \u03b23-Adrenoreceptor Gene with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Presurgical Morbidly Obese Patients","volume":"39","author":"Aller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508103330605","article-title":"Genetic Variation in the \u03b23-Adrenergic Receptor and an Increased Capacity to Gain Weight in Patients with Morbid Obesity","volume":"333","author":"Vaisse","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"1240","article-title":"The ADRB3 Trp64Arg Variant and BMI: A Meta-Analysis of 44 833 Individuals","volume":"32","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutia, Y.D., Mathew, M., Sivaprakasam, S., Ramachandran, S., and Ganapathy, V. (2022). Unconventional Functions of Amino Acid Transporters: Role in Macropinocytosis (SLC38A5\/SLC38A3) and Diet-Induced Obesity\/Metabolic Syndrome (SLC6A19\/SLC6A14\/SLC6A6). Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020235"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317491","article-title":"The SLC6A14 Gene Shows Evidence of Association with Obesity","volume":"112","author":"Suviolahti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2483","article-title":"Polymorphisms in the Amino Acid Transporter Solute Carrier Family 6 (Neurotransmitter Transporter) Member 14 Gene Contribute to Polygenic Obesity in French Caucasians","volume":"53","author":"Durand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328363fff6","article-title":"Epithelial Neutral Amino Acid Transporters: Lessons from Mouse Models","volume":"22","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13711","article-title":"Identification of Novel Inhibitors of the Amino Acid Transporter B0 AT1 (SLC6A19), a Potential Target to Induce Protein Restriction and to Treat Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"174","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed, K., Cheng, Q., Carroll, A.J., Truong, T.T., and Br\u00f6er, S. (2018). Development of Biomarkers for Inhibition of SLC6A19 (B0AT1)-A Potential Target to Treat Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113597"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.377","article-title":"Obesity-Related Polymorphisms and Their Associations with the Ability to Regulate Fat Oxidation in Obese Europeans: The NUGENOB Study","volume":"18","author":"Corpeleijn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051268","article-title":"PPARgamma, the Ultimate Thrifty Gene","volume":"42","author":"Auwerx","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagan\u00e0, A.S., Vitale, S.G., Nigro, A., Sofo, V., Salmeri, F.M., Rossetti, P., Rapisarda, A.M.C., La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., and Rizzo, G. (2016). Pleiotropic Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Dysregulated Metabolic Homeostasis, Inflammation and Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17070999"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.69054","article-title":"PPAR-\u03b3 Integrates Obesity and Adipocyte Clock through Epigenetic Regulation of Bmal1","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.953802","article-title":"PPARgamma Knockdown by Engineered Transcription Factors: Exogenous PPARgamma2 but Not PPARgamma1 Reactivates Adipogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/3099","article-title":"A Pro12Ala Substitution in PPARgamma2 Associated with Decreased Receptor Activity, Lower Body Mass Index and Improved Insulin Sensitivity","volume":"20","author":"Deeb","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962852","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.962852","article-title":"Effects of PPARG and PPARGC1A Gene Polymorphisms on Obesity Markers","volume":"10","author":"Muntean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0826-6","article-title":"The Pro12Ala Variant at the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b3 Gene and Change in Obesity-Related Traits in the Diabetes Prevention Program","volume":"50","author":"Franks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2009.242","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) Pro12Ala Polymorphism and Risk for Pediatric Obesity","volume":"47","author":"Dedoussis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919087","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.919087","article-title":"G Allele of the Rs1801282 Polymorphism in PPAR\u03b3 Gene Confers an Increased Risk of Obesity and Hypercholesterolemia, While T Allele of the Rs3856806 Polymorphism Displays a Protective Role Against Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Lou, Y., Jin, W., Liu, Y., Lu, L., and Lu, G. (2012). The Pro12Ala Polymorphism in the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma-2 Gene (PPAR\u03b32) Is Associated with Increased Risk of Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053105"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1080028","article-title":"The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3) in obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"67","author":"Ogrodniczek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Post\u0119p. Hig. Med. Do\u015bw."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810013391403","article-title":"Obesity Associated with a Mutation in a Genetic Regulator of Adipocyte Differentiation","volume":"339","author":"Ristow","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12911","article-title":"The Role of PPAR-Gamma C161T Polymorphism in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility","volume":"36","author":"Torun","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-012-0296-4","article-title":"Lifestyle Factors Modify Obesity Risk Linked to PPARG2 and FTO Variants in an Elderly Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis in the SUN Project","volume":"8","author":"Galbete","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"56","article-title":"Influence of Genetic Variants in FADS2 and ELOVL2 Genes on BMI and PUFAs Homeostasis in Children and Adolescents with Obesity","volume":"45","author":"Maguolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1076029620915286","article-title":"Association Between Genetic Variants in FADS1-FADS2 and ELOVL2 and Obesity, Lipid Traits, and Fatty Acids in Tunisian Population","volume":"26","author":"Khamlaoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Appl. Thromb. Off. J. Int. Acad. Clin. Appl. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khodarahmi, M., Javidzade, P., Farhangi, M.A., Hashemzehi, A., and Kahroba, H. (2022). Interplay between Fatty Acid Desaturase2 (FADS2) Rs174583 Genetic Variant and Dietary Antioxidant Capacity: Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese Individuals. BMC Endocr. Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01075-7"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, J.d.M., Pereira, M., Carvalho, G.Q., Gouveia Peluzio, M.d.C., Drumond Louro, I., Santos, D.B.d., and Oliveira, A.M. (2022). FADS1 and FADS2 Gene Polymorphisms Modulate the Relationship of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Plasma Concentrations in Gestational Weight Gain: A NISAMI Cohort Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051056"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38538-2","article-title":"The Genetic and Epigenetic Association of LDL Receptor Related Protein 1B (LRP1B) Gene with Childhood Obesity","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanal, P., Williams, A.G., He, L., Stebbings, G.K., Onambele-Pearson, G.L., Thomis, M., Degens, H., and Morse, C.I. (2021). Sarcopenia, Obesity, and Sarcopenic Obesity: Relationship with Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214933"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"437","article-title":"Sarcopenic Obesity Is Associated with Telomere Shortening: Findings from the NHANES 1999\u20132002","volume":"46","author":"Goddard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. 2005"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034542","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1034542","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sarcopenia without Obesity and Sarcopenic Obesity among Chinese Community Older People in Suburban Area of Shanghai: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040089","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1040089","article-title":"Food Insecurity as a Risk Factor of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/2\/206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:02Z","timestamp":1760104502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/2\/206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15020206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15020206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]}}}