{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:33:46Z","timestamp":1770755626020,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2015 and 2016, two Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) farms in Singapore reported a disease outbreak characterized by lethargic behavior, pronounced inappetence, generalized skin lesions, erosions of the fins and tail, and ultimately high mortality in their fish. Next-generation sequencing and PCR confirmed presence of a novel virus belonging to the Alloherpesviridae family, Lates calcarifer herpesvirus (LCHV), which was subsequently isolated and cultured. We characterize, for the first time, the complete genome of two cultured LCHV isolates. The genome contains a long unique region of approximately 105,000 bp flanked by terminal repeats of approximately 24,800 bp, of which the first 8.2 kb do not show any similarity to described genomes in the Alloherpesviridae family. The two cultured isolates share 89% nucleotide identity, and their closest relatives are the viruses belonging to the genus Ictalurivirus. Experimental infections using one of the cultured LCHV isolates resulted in identical clinical signs as originally described in the index farm, both in intraperitoneal-injection infected fish and cohabitant fish, with mortality in both groups. Histopathological analysis showed pronounced abnormalities in the gills. Virus culture and PCR analysis confirmed the replication of LCHV in the infected fish, and thus Koch\u2019s postulates were fulfilled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15030264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T07:50:26Z","timestamp":1708415426000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Discovery, Pathogenesis, and Complete Genome Characterization of Lates calcarifer Herpesvirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bartjan","family":"Simmelink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-6250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordy P. M.","family":"Coolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department R&D-IT, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wannes","family":"Vogels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Deijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica L. M.","family":"van der Last-Kempkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0168-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Sing","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., 1 Perahu Road, Singapore 718847, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1590-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siow Foong","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., 1 Perahu Road, Singapore 718847, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Gevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Harkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Animal Research & Pathology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-642X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"van der Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4129-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"de Groof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Discovery & Technology, MSD Animal Health, Wim de K\u00f6rverstraat 35, P.O. Box 31, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rimmer, M.A. (2009). Lates calcarifer\u2014Cultured Aquatic Species Fact Sheets, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/docs\/DOCUMENT\/aquaculture\/CulturedSpecies\/file\/en\/en_barramundi.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, January 30). Global Aquaculture Production Quantity (1950\u20132021). 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