{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:57:12Z","timestamp":1777564632019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["UMO2015\/19\/B\/NZ7\/03691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO2015\/19\/B\/NZ7\/03691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gambling Disorder (GD) is characterised by a harmful, enduring, and recurrent involvement in betting-related behaviours. Therefore, GD shares similar biological mechanisms and symptoms to substance use disorders (SUD). Therefore, in this study, we chose the behavioural addictions group. During the examination and recruitment to the study, it turned out that all the people undergoing treatment for gambling addiction were also addicted to amphetamines, which is consistent with the biological mechanism related to cerebral neurotransmission. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of the COMT gene polymorphism with behavioral addiction. The study group consisted of 307 participants: 107 men with gambling disorder and amphetamine dependency (mean age = 27.51, SD = 5.25) and 200 non-addicted, nor dependent, free from neuro-psychiatric disorders control group men (mean age = 20.20, SD = 4.51). Both groups were subjected to psychometric evaluation using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood following standard protocols. Determination of the rs4680 polymorphism in the COMT gene was performed using the real-time PCR technique. Statistically significant differences in the frequency of rs4680 genotypes were found in the tested sample of subjects compared with the control group (p = 0.03543). Subjects with gambling disorder and amphetamine use disorder compared to the control group obtained higher scores in the assessment of the STAI trait scale (p = 0.0019), state scale (p &lt; 0.0000), and NEO-FFI Neuroticism scale (p &lt; 0.0000). Significantly lower results were obtained for the NEO-FFI Agreeability scale (p &lt; 0.0000). Additionally, a significant statistical impact of gambling disorder and amphetamine use disorder, and the COMT rs4680 genotype was demonstrated for the score of the STAI trait (p = 0.0351) and state (p = 0.0343) and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness scale (p = 0.0018). We conclude that COMT and its polymorphic variant influence the development of addiction. Still, considering its multifactorial and polygenic nature, it should be combined with other factors such as personality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15030299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T10:40:17Z","timestamp":1708944017000},"page":"299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Influence of Genetic Polymorphic Variability of the Catechol-O-methyltransferase Gene in a Group of Patients with a Diagnosis of Behavioural Addiction, including Personality Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7841-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Rec\u0142aw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation Strong in the Spirit, 60 Sienkiewicza St., 90-058 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7137-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Suchanecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Aleja Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stro\u0144ska-Pluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142 Tomasz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Nowa S\u00f3l Multidisciplinary Hospital, 67-100 Nowa Sol, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Masiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lublin, 1 G\u0142uska St., 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Trybek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"},{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic, 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wrolaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2633-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S83460","article-title":"Van A Review of Gambling Disorder and Substance Use Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Rash","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. 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