{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:22:53Z","timestamp":1789874573285,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZQN-1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-1020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16BS815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BS815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19BS303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BS303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z16Y0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z16Y0017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018C057R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C057R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32100775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31771141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["ZQN-1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-1020"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["16BS815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BS815"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["19BS303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BS303"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["Z16Y0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z16Y0017"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["2018C057R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C057R"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["32100775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100775"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao University","award":["31771141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771141"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["ZQN-1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-1020"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["16BS815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BS815"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["19BS303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BS303"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["Z16Y0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z16Y0017"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["2018C057R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C057R"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["32100775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100775"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Awards of Quanzhou Talents","award":["31771141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771141"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZQN-1020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQN-1020"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["16BS815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16BS815"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["19BS303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BS303"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Z16Y0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z16Y0017"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2018C057R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018C057R"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32100775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100775"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31771141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31771141"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) with 24\u201332 nucleotides (nt), were initially identified in the reproductive system. Unlike microRNAs (miRNAs) or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piRNAs normally guide P-element-induced wimpy testis protein (PIWI) families to slice extensively complementary transposon transcripts without the seed pairing. Numerous studies have shown that piRNAs are abundantly expressed in the brain, and many of them are aberrantly regulated in central neural system (CNS) disorders. However, the role of piRNAs in the related developmental and pathological processes is unclear. The elucidation of piRNAs\/PIWI would greatly improve the understanding of CNS development and ultimately lead to novel strategies to treat neural diseases. In this review, we summarized the relevant structure, properties, and databases of piRNAs and their functional roles in neural development and degenerative disorders. We hope that future studies of these piRNAs will facilitate the development of RNA-based therapeutics for CNS disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T10:00:11Z","timestamp":1716372011000},"page":"653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["PIWI-Interacting RNAs: A Pivotal Regulator in Neurological Development and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xian","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3818-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109776","article-title":"PIWI-mediated control of tissue-specific transposons is essential for somatic cell differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04917","article-title":"A germline-specific class of small RNAs binds mammalian Piwi proteins","volume":"442","author":"Girard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04916","article-title":"A novel class of small RNAs bind to MILI protein in mouse testes","volume":"442","author":"Aravin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.008","article-title":"One Loop to Rule Them All: The Ping-Pong Cycle and piRNA-Guided Silencing","volume":"41","author":"Czech","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-1052-9","article-title":"The emerging role of the piRNA\/piwi complex in cancer","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.68221","article-title":"The regulatory function of piRNA\/PIWI complex in cancer and other human diseases: The role of DNA methylation","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/09723757.2016.11886278","article-title":"piRNAs and Their Functions in the Brain","volume":"16","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004221","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1004221","article-title":"Exosomal noncoding RNAs in central nervous system diseases: Biological functions and potential clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06257-4","article-title":"Relaxed targeting rules help PIWI proteins silence transposons","volume":"619","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777510","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.777510","article-title":"Roles of Noncoding RNA in Reproduction","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1572","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1572","article-title":"PIWI-interacting RNAs and human testicular function","volume":"14","author":"Saritas","year":"2022","journal-title":"WIREs Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3089","article-title":"PIWI-interacting small RNAs: The vanguard of genome defence","volume":"12","author":"Siomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Reviews. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.96.003","article-title":"The piRNA pathway in Drosophila ovarian germ and somatic cells","volume":"96","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53062","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153062","article-title":"piRNA- and siRNA-mediated transcriptional repression in Drosophila, mice, and yeast: New insights and biodiversity","volume":"22","author":"Onishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00745-3","article-title":"Production of functional oocytes requires maternally expressed PIWI genes and piRNAs in golden hamsters","volume":"23","author":"Hasuwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00746-2","article-title":"Formation of spermatogonia and fertile oocytes in golden hamsters requires piRNAs","volume":"23","author":"Loubalova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"R91","article-title":"piRNAs in sperm function and embryo viability","volume":"165","author":"Perillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00750-6","article-title":"The piRNA pathway is essential for generating functional oocytes in golden hamsters","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.09.008","article-title":"Downregulation MIWI-piRNA regulates the migration of Schwann cells in peripheral nerve injury","volume":"519","author":"Sohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.014","article-title":"A Neuronal piRNA Pathway Inhibits Axon Regeneration in C. elegans","volume":"97","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.057","article-title":"A role for neuronal piRNAs in the epigenetic control of memory-related synaptic plasticity","volume":"149","author":"Rajasethupathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.04.002","article-title":"Disrupting the hippocampal Piwi pathway enhances contextual fear memory in mice","volume":"161","author":"Leighton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.05.004","article-title":"New mechanisms in memory storage: piRNAs and epigenetics","volume":"36","author":"Landry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5208","article-title":"Role of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers and the application of omics technologies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (Review)","volume":"51","author":"Pierouli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., and Wong, G. (2022). Dysregulation of Human Somatic piRNA Expression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Subtypes and Stages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052469"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wakisaka1, K.T., and Ima, a.Y. (2019). The dawn of piRNA research in various neuronal disorders. Front. Biosci., 24, 1440\u20131451.","DOI":"10.2741\/4789"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0194-1","article-title":"Pathogenic tau-induced piRNA depletion promotes neuronal death through transposable element dysregulation in neurodegenerative tauopathies","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41881-8","article-title":"PIWI-interacting RNA expression regulates pathogenesis in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Lewy body disease","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01104-3","article-title":"The biogenesis and biological function of PIWI-interacting RNA in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1039","article-title":"Noncoding RNA. piRNA-guided slicing specifies transcripts for Zucchini-dependent, phased piRNA biogenesis","volume":"348","author":"Mohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01368-x","article-title":"Novel roles of PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs in human health and diseases","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Chen, S., and Liu, K. (2022). Structural insights into piRNA biogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech., 1865.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2022.194799"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.04.017","article-title":"Argonaute proteins: Structural features, functions and emerging roles","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060614-034258","article-title":"PIWI-Interacting RNA: Its Biogenesis and Functions","volume":"84","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42059-2_1","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: Classification, Biology and Functioning","volume":"937","author":"Hombach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.09.012","article-title":"Terminal modification, sequence, length, and PIWI-protein identity determine piRNA stability","volume":"81","author":"Gainetdinov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirakata, S., and Siomi, M.C. (2019). Assembly and Function of Gonad-Specific Non-Membranous Organelles in Drosophila piRNA Biogenesis. Noncoding RNA, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5040052"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.325662.119","article-title":"Daedalus and Gasz recruit Armitage to mitochondria, bringing piRNA precursors to the biogenesis machinery","volume":"33","author":"Munafo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25896-7","article-title":"Molecular basis for PICS-mediated piRNA biogenesis and cell division","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00880-5","article-title":"Exploring the expanding universe of small RNAs","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(00)01641-8","article-title":"Domains in gene silencing and cell differentiation proteins: The novel PAZ domain and redefinition of the Piwi domain","volume":"25","author":"Cerutti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054216","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1054216","article-title":"Emerging roles and potential application of PIWI-interacting RNA in urological tumors","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07315","article-title":"Structure of the guide-strand-containing argonaute silencing complex","volume":"456","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16466","article-title":"Emerging functions of piwi-interacting RNAs in diseases","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2023.02.008","article-title":"Repetitive elements in aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"39","author":"Copley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14247-1","article-title":"piRNA-like small RNAs target transposable elements in a Clade IV parasitic nematode","volume":"12","author":"Suleiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.026","article-title":"A role for Piwi and piRNAs in germ cell maintenance and transposon silencing in Zebrafish","volume":"129","author":"Houwing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2010.01.011","article-title":"piRNA-mediated silencing in Drosophila germlines","volume":"21","author":"Siomi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuma, S., and Nakano, T. (2013). piRNA and spermatogenesis in mice. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 368.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0338"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1157396","article-title":"Endogenous siRNAs derived from transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila somatic cells","volume":"320","author":"Ghildiyal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00299-8","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA-mediated silencing of genomic tandem repeats and transposable elements in the D. melanogaster germline","volume":"11","author":"Aravin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"828","article-title":"PIWI Proteins and piRNAs in the Nervous System","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03856-x","article-title":"Structural basis for piRNA targeting","volume":"597","author":"Anzelon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00528-0","article-title":"Emerging roles and functional mechanisms of PIWI-interacting RNAs","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8984","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku620","article-title":"The human Piwi protein Hiwi2 associates with tRNA-derived piRNAs in somatic cells","volume":"42","author":"Keam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32843","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32843","article-title":"Genome-wide profiling of transfer RNAs and their role as novel prognostic markers for breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Krishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9108","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx537","article-title":"The biogenesis pathway of tRNA-derived piRNAs in Bombyx germ cells","volume":"45","author":"Honda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen, S., Brasset, E., Parey, E., Roest Crollius, H., Sharakhov, I.V., and Vaury, C. (2020). Conserved Small Nucleotidic Elements at the Origin of Concerted piRNA Biogenesis from Genes and lncRNAs. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.05.936112"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-021-09927-8","article-title":"The birth of piRNAs: How mammalian piRNAs are produced, originated, and evolved","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mamm. Genome"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12323","article-title":"The exonuclease Nibbler regulates age-associated traits and modulates piRNA length in Drosophila","volume":"14","author":"Feltzin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.06.004","article-title":"Silence at the End: How Drosophila Regulates Expression and Transposition of Telomeric Retroelements","volume":"432","author":"Cacchione","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2014.41","article-title":"Pachytene piRNAs instruct massive mRNA elimination during late spermiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Gou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.260455.115","article-title":"piRNA-directed cleavage of meiotic transcripts regulates spermatogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Goh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.4","article-title":"MIWI and piRNA-mediated cleavage of messenger RNAs in mouse testes","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5970","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26233-8","article-title":"Coupled protein synthesis and ribosome-guided piRNA processing on mRNAs","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36354-x","article-title":"Amniotes co-opt intrinsic genetic instability to protect germ-line genome integrity","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"3829","article-title":"Analysis of piRNA expression spectra in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model induced by a methionine- and choline-deficient diet","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2020.1757896","article-title":"Role of PIWI-like 4 in modulating neuronal differentiation from human embryonal carcinoma cells","volume":"17","author":"Subhramanyam","year":"2020","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2565011","article-title":"Identification of piRNAs in the central nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rna"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn1441","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn1441","article-title":"Co-option of the piRNA pathway to regulate neural crest specification","volume":"8","author":"Galton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2840","article-title":"The piRNA targeting rules and the resistance to piRNA silencing in endogenous genes","volume":"359","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D210","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1175","article-title":"NONCODE v3.0: Integrative annotation of long noncoding RNAs","volume":"40","author":"Bu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D98","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1222","article-title":"NONCODEv4: Exploring the world of long non-coding RNA genes","volume":"42","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D877","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1039","article-title":"deepBase v3.0: Expression atlas and interactive analysis of ncRNAs from thousands of deep-sequencing data","volume":"49","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D123","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp943","article-title":"deepBase: A database for deeply annotating and mining deep sequencing data","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1012","article-title":"piRBase: Integrating piRNA annotation in all aspects","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D173","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm696","article-title":"piRNABank: A web resource on classified and clustered Piwi-interacting RNAs","volume":"36","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D259","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab622","article-title":"piRNAclusterDB 2.0: Update and expansion of the piRNA cluster database","volume":"50","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D181","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky956","article-title":"piRTarBase: A database of piRNA targeting sites and their roles in gene regulation","volume":"47","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrenada, O., Larriba, E., Brieno-Enriquez, M.A., and Mazo, J.D. (2021). piRNA-IPdb: A PIWI-bound piRNAs database to mining NGS sncRNA data and beyond. BMC Genom., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08071-6"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bau110","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bau110","article-title":"piRBase: A web resource assisting piRNA functional study","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D175","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1043","article-title":"piRBase: A comprehensive database of piRNA sequences","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2020.3034313","article-title":"Identification of Functional piRNAs Using a Convolutional Neural Network","volume":"19","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5429","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5429","article-title":"piRNN: Deep learning algorithm for piRNA prediction","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Chen, L., Li, R., Liu, N., Huang, X., and Wong, G. (2022). PIWI-interacting RNAs in human diseases: Databases and computational models. Brief. Bioinform., 23.","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac217"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.154240","article-title":"Exosomal hsa-piR1089 promotes proliferation and migration in neuroblastoma via targeting KEAP1","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-015-0131-0","article-title":"Novel function of PIWIL1 in neuronal polarization and migration via regulation of microtubule-associated proteins","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53801","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153801","article-title":"Piwil2 (Mili) sustains neurogenesis and prevents cellular senescence in the postnatal hippocampus","volume":"24","author":"Gasperini","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13109","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13109","article-title":"Attenuation of Piwil2 induced by hypoxic postconditioning prevents cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting CREB2 promoter methylation","volume":"33","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50851","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202050851","article-title":"Piwi\/piRNAs control food intake by promoting neuropeptide F expression in locusts","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467214666210629164535","article-title":"PiWi RNA in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Chavda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0073-3","article-title":"PIWI-interacting RNAs: Small RNAs with big functions","volume":"20","author":"Ozata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781434","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.781434","article-title":"Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications","volume":"15","author":"Penning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2019.1600389","article-title":"Somatic expression of piRNA and associated machinery in the mouse identifies short, tissue-specific piRNA","volume":"14","author":"Perera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac019","article-title":"Intrinsic blood-brain barrier dysfunction contributes to multiple sclerosis pathogenesis","volume":"145","author":"Nishihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102070","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier, a key bridge to treat neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"91","author":"Hang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109609","article-title":"Small ncRNA binding protein, PIWI: A potential molecular bridge between blood brain barrier and neuropathological conditions","volume":"138","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2906-8","article-title":"Possible role of HIWI2 in modulating tight junction proteins in retinal pigment epithelial cells through Akt signaling pathway","volume":"427","author":"Sivagurunathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90213-9","article-title":"Aplysia CREB2 represses long-term facilitation: Relief of repression converts transient facilitation into long-term functional and structural change","volume":"83","author":"Bartsch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668389","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6668389","article-title":"Dynamical Mechanisms for Gene Regulation Mediated by Two Noncoding RNAs in Long-Term Memory Formation","volume":"2021","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20633","article-title":"What is an anxiety disorder?","volume":"26","author":"Craske","year":"2009","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12697","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1609287113","article-title":"Roles for small noncoding RNAs in silencing of retrotransposons in the mammalian brain","volume":"113","author":"Nandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.11.004","article-title":"Obesity and Bariatric Surgery Drive Epigenetic Variation of Spermatozoa in Humans","volume":"23","author":"Donkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.017","article-title":"A MicroRNA Linking Human Positive Selection and Metabolic Disorders","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10659","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4251-13.2014","article-title":"Hypothalamic miR-103 protects from hyperphagic obesity in mice","volume":"34","author":"Vinnikov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2011.08.015","article-title":"Serotonin depresses feeding behaviour in ants","volume":"58","author":"Falibene","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100617-062508","article-title":"Axon Regeneration in the Central Nervous System: Facing the Challenges from the Inside","volume":"34","author":"Curcio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0340-2","article-title":"Analysis of piRNA-Like Small Non-coding RNAs Present in Axons of Adult Sensory Neurons","volume":"55","author":"Phay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.05.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Genetics to Functional Pathways","volume":"43","author":"Parenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, M.C., Liu, S.C., Hsu, Y.F., and Wu, R.M. (2021). The role of noncoding RNAs in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Biomarkers and associations with pathogenic pathways. J. Biomed. Sci., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00775-x"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.S., Choi, J., and Yoon, B.E. (2020). Neuron-Glia Interactions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102176"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2023.0103","article-title":"The Role of mRNA Quality Control in the Aging of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"46","author":"Kwon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00233-6","article-title":"An old weapon with a new function: PIWI-interacting RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.598391","article-title":"Altered expression of PIWI RNA in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia","volume":"42","author":"Dharap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.05.007","article-title":"Long-term epigenetic alterations in a rat model of Gulf War Illness","volume":"55","author":"Pierce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600462","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.600462","article-title":"Dysregulation of MicroRNAs and PIWI-Interacting RNAs in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson\u2019s Disease Model Overexpressing Human alpha-Synuclein and Influence of tdp-1","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3639","article-title":"Tau promotes neurodegeneration through global chromatin relaxation","volume":"17","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.12.028","article-title":"Novel roles of Drosophila FUS and Aub responsible for piRNA biogenesis in neuronal disorders","volume":"1708","author":"Wakisaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13612","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in ischemic stroke: Time to translate","volume":"1421","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00050","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs in Stroke and Neuroprotection","volume":"6","author":"Saugstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2022.105467","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in stroke pathology, diagnostics, and therapeutics","volume":"162","author":"Potemkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780489","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.780489","article-title":"Emerging Impact of Non-coding RNAs in the Pathology of Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Hussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.03.003","article-title":"Coding and non-coding nucleotides\u2019: The future of stroke gene therapeutics","volume":"113","author":"Chavda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2022.0163","article-title":"RNA in Therapeutics: CRISPR in the Clinic","volume":"46","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229509017177","article-title":"Prevention of psychiatric disorders","volume":"3","author":"Greenfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543893","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.543893","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs in Psychiatric Disorders and Suicidal Behavior","volume":"11","author":"Yoshino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.11.024","article-title":"Small non-coding RNA expression from anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia shows sex specific regulation","volume":"183","author":"Ragan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3219-9","article-title":"Autism and Equine-Assisted Interventions: A Systematic Mapping Review","volume":"47","author":"Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3689-4","article-title":"Subtyping the Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comparison of Children with High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Ventura","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappori, F., Cupaioli, F.A., Consiglio, A., Di Nanni, N., Mosca, E., Licciulli, V.F., and Mezzelani, A. (2022). Analysis of Faecal Microbiota and Small ncRNAs in Autism: Detection of miRNAs and piRNAs with Possible Implications in Host-Gut Microbiota Cross-Talk. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071340"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salloum-Asfar, S., Elsayed, A.K., Elhag, S.F., and Abdulla, S.A. (2021). Circulating Non-Coding RNAs as a Signature of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptomatology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126549"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824933","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.824933","article-title":"Saliva RNA Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Children with Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Potential Implications for Precision Medicine","volume":"12","author":"Beversdorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157818","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1157818","article-title":"Role of piRNA biogenesis and its neuronal function in the development of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"15","author":"Sato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210609160017","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Histone Deacetylase and their Inhibitors in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Targets and Future Perspective","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-010-0563-x","article-title":"Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"345","author":"Jomova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872501","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.872501","article-title":"Neuronal Redevelopment and the Regeneration of Neuromodulatory Axons in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System","volume":"16","author":"Cooke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101425","article-title":"The neurobiology of non-coding RNAs and Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis: Pathways, mechanisms and translational opportunities","volume":"71","author":"Lauretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8359-5","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05226.x","article-title":"Kinases and phosphatases and tau sites involved in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saba, R., Goodman, C.D., Huzarewich, R.L., Robertson, C., and Booth, S.A. (2008). A miRNA signature of prion induced neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003652"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710263105","article-title":"Loss of microRNA cluster miR-29a\/b-1 in sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease correlates with increased BACE1\/beta-secretase expression","volume":"105","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-41","article-title":"ER stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A novel neuronal trigger for inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s pathology","volume":"6","author":"Salminen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.020","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide piRNA profiling in human brains of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1039\/C6MB00699J","article-title":"Small RNA sequencing revealed dysregulated piRNAs in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and their probable role in pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1773-0","article-title":"Genome-wide significant, replicated and functional risk variants for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"14","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide piRNA profiling in human brains for aging genetic factors","volume":"4","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jacobs J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0579-2","article-title":"A combined miRNA-piRNA signature to detect Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitz, N.F., Wang, J., Kamboh, M.I., Koldamova, R., and Lefterov, I. (2021). Small nucleolar RNAs in plasma extracellular vesicles and their discriminatory power as diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105481"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olufunmilayo, E.O., and Holsinger, R.M.D. (2023). Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathophysiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512498"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00934-6","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Multisystem Disorder","volume":"39","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paccosi, E., and Proietti-De-Santis, L. (2023). Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119547"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elac055","article-title":"The regulatory role of non-coding RNAs and their interactions with phytochemicals in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Fakhri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab371","article-title":"Sphingolipid changes in Parkinson L444P GBA mutation fibroblasts promote \u03b1-synuclein aggregation","volume":"145","author":"Galvagnion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2023.107608","article-title":"Novel variants in genes related to vesicle-mediated-transport modify Parkinson\u2019s disease risk","volume":"139","author":"Goldstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846095","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.846095","article-title":"Association Study of TAF1 Variants in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"8649195","article-title":"DRD2 Taq1A Polymorphism-Related Brain Volume Changes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Voxel-Based Morphometry","volume":"2022","author":"Ohira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.06.004","article-title":"DNAJC13 mutation screening in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease from South Italy","volume":"55","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0561-x","article-title":"Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease derived neuronal cells show disease-specific mRNA and small RNA signatures with abundant deregulation of piRNAs","volume":"6","author":"Schulze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02704","article-title":"Common Neurodegeneration-Associated Proteins Are Physiologically Expressed by Human B Lymphocytes and Are Interconnected via the Inflammation\/Autophagy-Related Proteins TRAF6 and SQSTM1","volume":"10","author":"Nataf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2205122","article-title":"EEF1A1 is Involved the Regulating Neuroinflammatory Processes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Aisha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simoes, F.A., Joilin, G., Peters, O., Schneider, L.S., Priller, J., Spruth, E.J., Vogt, I., Kimmich, O., Spottke, A., and Hoffmann, D.C. (2022). Potential of Non-Coding RNA as Biomarkers for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314554"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutherford, N.J., Zhang, Y.J., Baker, M., Gass, J.M., Finch, N.A., Xu, Y.F., Stewart, H., Kelley, B.J., Kuntz, K., and Crook, R.J. (2008). Novel mutations in TARDBP (TDP-43) in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS Genet., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000193"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154584","article-title":"TDP-43 mutations in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"319","author":"Sreedharan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds116","article-title":"Evaluating the role of the FUS\/TLS-related gene EWSR1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Couthouis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165942","article-title":"Mutations in FUS, an RNA processing protein, cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 6","volume":"323","author":"Vance","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02686-2","article-title":"piRNA\/PIWI Protein Complex as a Potential Biomarker in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2022.2138530","article-title":"Profiling non-coding RNA expression in cerebrospinal fluid of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","volume":"54","author":"Joilin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/6\/653\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:45:55Z","timestamp":1760107555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/6\/653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15060653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15060653","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]}}}