{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:29:12Z","timestamp":1760711352374,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan","award":["21K07136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K07136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. The oncogene product Tax of HTLV-I is thought to play crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of the virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. These genes code for growth factors and their receptors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth signal transducers, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), which epigenetically enhances gene expression through methylation of histones. Tax activated the Carm1 gene and increased protein expression, not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs). Tax increased R17-methylated histone H3 on the target gene IL-2R\u03b1, concomitant with increased expression of CARM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of CARM1 decreased Tax-mediated induction of IL-2R\u03b1 and Cyclin D2 gene expression, reduced E2F activation and inhibited cell cycle progression. Tax acted via response elements in intron 1 of the Carm1 gene, through the NF-\u03baB pathway. These results suggest that Tax-mediated activation of the Carm1 gene contributes to leukemogenic target-gene expression and cell cycle progression, identifying the first epigenetic target gene for Tax-mediated trans-activation in cell growth promotion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:14:07Z","timestamp":1716804847000},"page":"698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Trans-Activation of the Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (Carm1) Gene by the Oncogene Product Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1627-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahma F.","family":"Hayati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3222-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinka","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mashiro","family":"Shirasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Fikriyanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1142-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritsuko","family":"Iwanaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8728-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Kurayoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Ohtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208981","article-title":"Discovery of HTLV-1, the first human retrovirus, its unique regulatory mechanisms, and insights into pathogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Yoshida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"1","author":"Bangham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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