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globally pressing environmental problem in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of hypoxia on physiological responses (hematology, cortisol, biochemistry, hif gene expression and the HIF pathway) of hybrid sturgeons (Acipenser schrenckii \u2642 \u00d7 Acipenser baerii \u2640). A total of 180 hybrid sturgeon adults were exposed to dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 7.00 \u00b1 0.2 mg\/L (control, N), 3.5 \u00b1 0.2 mg\/L (moderate hypoxia, MH) or 1.00 \u00b1 0.1 mg\/L (severe hypoxia, SH) and were sampled at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h after hypoxia. The results showed that the red blood cell (RBC) counts and the hemoglobin (HGB) concentration were significantly increased 6 h and 24 h after hypoxia in the SH group. The serum cortisol concentrations gradually increased with the decrease in the DO levels. Moreover, several serum biochemical parameters (AST, AKP, HBDB, LDH, GLU, TP and T-Bil) were significantly altered at 24 h in the SH group. The HIFs are transcription activators that function as master regulators in hypoxia. In this study, a complete set of six hif genes were identified and characterized in hybrid sturgeon for the first time. After hypoxia, five out of six sturgeon hif genes were significantly differentially expressed in gills, especially hif-1\u03b1 and hif-3\u03b1, with more than 20-fold changes, suggesting their important roles in adaptation to hypoxia in hybrid sturgeon. A meta-analysis indicated that the HIF pathway, a major pathway for adaptation to hypoxic environments, was activated in the liver of the hybrid sturgeon 24 h after the hypoxia challenge. Our study demonstrated that hypoxia, particularly severe hypoxia (1.00 \u00b1 0.1 mg\/L), could cause considerable stress for the hybrid sturgeon. These results shed light on their adaptive mechanisms and potential biomarkers for hypoxia tolerance, aiding in aquaculture and conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T11:50:09Z","timestamp":1717588209000},"page":"743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Environmental Hypoxia on Serum Hematological and Biochemical Parameters, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (hif) Gene Expression and HIF Pathway in Hybrid Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii \u2642 \u00d7 Acipenser baerii \u2640)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5105-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-4864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Science Institute, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.10.006","article-title":"Characterization and Genetic Diversity of the Sturgeon Acipenser Schrenskil Ig Heavy Chain","volume":"214","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.11.001","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Raffinose on Growth, Non-Specific Immunity, Intestinal Morphology and Microbiome of Juvenile Hybrid Sturgeon (Acipenser Baeri Brandt \u2640 \u00d7 A. 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