{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:33:48Z","timestamp":1775126028537,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-67015-39524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-67015-39524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heifer conception rate to the first service (HCR1) is defined as the number of heifers that become pregnant to the first breeding service compared to the heifers bred. This study aimed to identify loci associated and gene sets enriched for HCR1 for heifers that were bred by artificial insemination (AI, n = 2829) or were embryo transfer (ET, n = 2086) recipients, by completing a genome-wide association analysis and gene set enrichment analysis using SNP data (GSEA-SNP). Three unique loci, containing four positional candidate genes, were associated (p &lt; 1 \u00d7 10\u22125) with HCR1 for ET recipients, while the GSEA-SNP identified four gene sets (NES \u2265 3) and sixty-two leading edge genes (LEGs) enriched for HCR1. While no loci were associated with HCR1 bred by AI, one gene set and twelve LEGs were enriched (NES \u2265 3) for HCR1 with the GSEA-SNP. This included one gene (PKD2) shared between HCR1 AI and ET services. Identifying loci associated or enriched for HCR1 provides an opportunity to use them as genomic selection tools to facilitate the selection of cattle with higher reproductive efficiency, and to better understand embryonic loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15060765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Identifying Regions of the Genome Associated with Conception Rate to the First Service in Holstein Heifers Bred by Artificial Insemination and as Embryo Transfer Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3628-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria C.","family":"Kelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Kiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Animal Disease Diagnostics Laboratory, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2796-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly M.","family":"Davenport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emaly M.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda M.","family":"Murdoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-3072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly L.","family":"Neibergs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Causes of culling in dairy cows and its relation to age at culling and interval from calving in Shiraz, Southern Iran","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. 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