{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:18:15Z","timestamp":1791580695107,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johnson &amp; Johnson"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an infectious, neoplastic lung disease of sheep that causes significant animal welfare and economic issues throughout the world. Understanding OPA pathogenesis is key to developing tools to control its impact. Central to this need is the availability of model systems that can monitor and track events after Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection. Here, we report the development of an experimentally induced OPA model intended for this purpose. Using three different viral dose groups (low, intermediate and high), localised OPA tumour development was induced by bronchoscopic JSRV instillation into the segmental bronchus of the right cardiac lung lobe. Pre-clinical OPA diagnosis and tumour progression were monitored by monthly computed tomography (CT) imaging and trans-thoracic ultrasound scanning. Post mortem examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed OPA development in 89% of the JSRV-instilled animals. All three viral doses produced a range of OPA lesion types, including microscopic disease and gross tumours; however, larger lesions were more frequently identified in the low and intermediate viral groups. Overall, 31% of JSRV-infected sheep developed localised advanced lesions. Of the sheep that developed localised advanced lesions, tumour volume doubling times (calculated using thoracic CT 3D reconstructions) were 14.8 \u00b1 2.1 days. The ability of ultrasound to track tumour development was compared against CT; the results indicated a strong significant association between paired CT and ultrasound measurements at each time point (R2 = 0.799, p &lt; 0.0001). We believe that the range of OPA lesion types induced by this model replicates aspects of naturally occurring disease and will improve OPA research by providing novel insights into JSRV infectivity and OPA disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15081019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T13:14:42Z","timestamp":1722604482000},"page":"1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Tracking Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Development Using an Experimental Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Infection Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3995-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Cousens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Collie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola R.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Tennant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Guido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calum D.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh Imaging Facility, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom J.","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Eddie","family":"Clutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7769-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen N.","family":"Greenhalgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Gregson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9160-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Spivey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Storer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad E.","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Oncology, Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Innovation, Inc., One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2035-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30364-9","article-title":"Retrovirus-associated neoplasms of the respiratory system of sheep and goats: Ovine pulmonary carcinoma and enzootic nasal tumor","volume":"13","author":"DeMartini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. 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