{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T08:02:28Z","timestamp":1775980948448,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Academy of Science Project","award":["FURG-2023-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FURG-2023-0008"]}]},{"name":"Sechenov University Innovative Scientific School","award":["FURG-2023-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FURG-2023-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical course and outcomes of post-COVID myocarditis in patients with cardiomyopathies (CMP). This case series includes 10 patients with different CMPs who had COVID-19 (seven men; 48.4 \u00b1 11.4 yr.): left ventricular non-compaction (n = 2), arrhythmogenic right ventricular CMP in combination with a heterozygous form of hemochromatosis (n = 1, HFE), restrictive CMP (n = 1, MyBPC3), laminopathy (n = 1, LMNA), dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 1, MYH7 + MyBPC3), Danon\u2019s disease (n = 1, LAMP2) and AL cardiac amyloidosis (n = 3). Myocardial morphological examination with immunohistochemical staining and PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and cardiotropic viruses was performed in six patients, while cardiac MRI and anti-cardiac antibody titres were evaluated in all patients. Post-COVID lymphocytic myocarditis was confirmed morphologically in six patients (with LVNC, RCM, ARCV, Danon\u2019s disease, and AL amyloidosis). Spike and nucleocapsid coronavirus proteins were detected in cell infiltrates, endothelium and cardiomyocytes in all biopsies; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was found in five out of six. In four patients, the diagnosis of myocarditis was based on MRI, high titres of anti-cardiac antibodies and clinical data. The mean time from COVID-19 to the diagnosis of myocarditis was 7 (5; 10.5) months. Myocarditis manifested with the onset\/increase of arrhythmias and heart failure. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids was administered to six patients and led to an increase in ejection fraction and improvement of heart failure symptoms in five of them. CMPs are a favourable background for the development of post-COVID myocarditis. The onset or deterioration of heart failure and\/or arrhythmias in patients with CMPs after COVID-19 requires the exclusion of myocarditis and, if present, the administration of immunosuppressive therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15081062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T10:34:59Z","timestamp":1723458899000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Post-COVID Myocarditis in Patients with Primary Cardiomyopathies: Diagnosis, Clinical Course and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5253-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Blagova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"V.N. Vinogradov Faculty Therapeutic Clinic, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7154-6794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia","family":"Lutokhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.N. Vinogradov Faculty Therapeutic Clinic, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeniya","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Savina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.N. Vinogradov Faculty Therapeutic Clinic, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Aleksandrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, A. N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery of the Russian Ministry of Health, 121552 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Zaklyazminskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Genetics, B.V. Petrovsky Russian Research Center of Surgery, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001918","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001918","article-title":"Direct and indirect effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with cardiomyopathy","volume":"9","author":"Hammersley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arabadjian, M.E., Reuter, M.C., Stepanovic, A., Sherrid, M.V., and Massera, D. (2021). COVID-19 in Adults with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.745790"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumitru, I.M., Vlad, N.D., Rugina, S., Onofrei, N., Gherca, S., Raduna, M., Trana, A., Dumitrascu, M., Popovici, E., and Bajdechi, M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Emery-Dreifuss Syndrome in a Young Patient with a Family History of Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12071070"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alania-Torres, E., Morillas-Climent, H., Garc\u00eda-Escriv\u00e1, A., Vinueza-Buitr\u00f3n, P., Poquet-Catal\u00e1, I., Zorio, E., S\u00e1nchez-L\u00e1zaro, I.J., Galcer\u00e1-Jornet, E., and Valle-Mu\u00f1oz, A. (2021). Case Report: Probable Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in a Patient with Arrhythmogenic Left Ventricular Cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.759119"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blagova, O., Lutokhina, Y., Vukolova, M., Pirozhkov, S., Sarkisova, N., Ainetdinova, D., Das, A., Krot, M., Smolyannikova, V., and Litvitsky, P. (2023). Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Complicated by Post-COVID-19 Myopericarditis in Patient with ANO5-Related Distal Myopathy. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14071332"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seidel, F., Laser, K.T., Klingel, K., Dartsch, J., Theisen, S., Pickardt, T., Holtgrewe, M., G\u00e4rtner, A., Berger, F., and Beule, D. (2022). Pathogenic Variants in Cardiomyopathy Disorder Genes Underlie Pediatric Myocarditis-Further Impact of Heterozygous Immune Disorder Gene Variants?. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd9070216"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003250","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.120.003250","article-title":"Pathogenic Variants Associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy Predict Outcome in Pediatric Myocarditis","volume":"14","author":"Seidel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Genom. Precis. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.30","article-title":"ACMG Laboratory Quality Assurance Committee. 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Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa124","article-title":"An unusual case of severe myocarditis in a genetic cardiomyopathy: A case report","volume":"4","author":"Popa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1039","article-title":"Intramyocardial inflammation predicts adverse outcome in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis","volume":"20","author":"Siegismund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/8\/1062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:35:29Z","timestamp":1760110529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/15\/8\/1062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes15081062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes15081062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}}}