{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:09:19Z","timestamp":1791443359245,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":405,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scott and Suzi Lustgarten Colon Cancer Research Fund","award":["5T32AR007465-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007465-39"]}]},{"name":"Scott and Suzi Lustgarten Colon Cancer Research Fund","award":["5T32AR007465-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007465-40"]}]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Department of Dermatology\u2019s NIH T32","award":["5T32AR007465-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007465-39"]}]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania\u2019s Department of Dermatology\u2019s NIH T32","award":["5T32AR007465-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AR007465-40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protein menin is encoded by the MEN1 gene and primarily serves as a nuclear scaffold protein, regulating gene expression through its interaction with and regulation of chromatin modifiers and transcription factors. While the scope of menin\u2019s functions continues to expand, one area of growing investigation is the role of menin in cancer. Menin is increasingly recognized for its dual function as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in a highly tumor-dependent and context-specific manner. While menin serves as a suppressor of neuroendocrine tumor growth, as seen in the cancer risk syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome caused by pathogenic germline variants in MEN1, recent data demonstrate that menin also suppresses cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and melanoma. On the other hand, menin can also serve as a tumor promoter in leukemia, colorectal cancer, ovarian and endometrial cancers, Ewing sarcoma, and gliomas. Moreover, menin can either suppress or promote tumorigenesis in the breast and prostate depending on hormone receptor status and may also have mixed roles in hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review the rapidly expanding literature on the role and function of menin across a broad array of different cancer types, outlining tumor-specific differences in menin\u2019s function and mechanism of action, as well as identifying its therapeutic potential and highlighting areas for future investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15091231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1727062598000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Menin in Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ariana D.","family":"Majer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianxin","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8186-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryson W.","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5311.404","article-title":"Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1","volume":"276","author":"Chandrasekharappa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.7.1177","article-title":"Identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. 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